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Autonomous Driving

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보존된 평가 기록
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Autonomous driving is the task of driving a vehicle without human conduction.

Many of the state-of-the-art results can be found at more general task pages such as 3D Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation.

<span style="color:grey; opacity: 0.5">(Image credit: Exploring the Limitations of Behavior Cloning for Autonomous Driving)</span>

데이터셋

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CARLA

CARLA (CAR Learning to Act) is an open simulator for urban driving, developed as an open-source layer over Unreal Engine 4. Technically, it operates similarly to, as an open source layer over Unreal Engine 4 that provides sensors in the form of RGB cameras (with customizable positions), ground truth depth maps, ground truth semantic segmentation maps with 12 semantic classes designed for driving (road, lane marking, traffic sign, sidewalk and so on), bounding boxes for dynamic objects in the environment, and measurements of the agent itself (vehicle location and orientation). Source: Synthetic Data for Deep Learning

Waymo Open Dataset

The Waymo Open Dataset is comprised of high resolution sensor data collected by autonomous vehicles operated by the Waymo Driver in a wide variety of conditions. The Waymo Open Dataset currently contains 1,950 segments. The authors plan to grow this dataset in the future. Currently the datasets includes: * 1,950 segments of 20s each, collected at 10Hz (390,000 frames) in diverse geographies and conditions * Sensor data * 1 mid-range lidar * 4 short-range lidars * 5 cameras (front and sides) * Synchronized lidar and camera data * Lidar to camera projections * Sensor calibrations and vehicle poses * Labeled data * Labels for 4 object classes - Vehicles, Pedestrians, Cyclists, Signs * High-quality labels for lidar data in 1,200 segments * 12.6M 3D bounding box labels with tracking IDs on lidar data * High-quality labels for camera data in 1,000 segments * 11.8M 2D bounding box labels with tracking IDs on camera data

Argoverse

Argoverse is a tracking benchmark with over 30K scenarios collected in Pittsburgh and Miami. Each scenario is a sequence of frames sampled at 10 HZ. Each sequence has an interesting object called “agent”, and the task is to predict the future locations of agents in a 3 seconds future horizon. The sequences are split into training, validation and test sets, which have 205,942, 39,472 and 78,143 sequences respectively. These splits have no geographical overlap. Source: Learning Lane Graph Representations for Motion Forecasting Image Source: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1911.02620.pdf

AirSim

AirSim is a simulator for drones, cars and more, built on Unreal Engine. It is open-source, cross platform, and supports software-in-the-loop simulation with popular flight controllers such as PX4 & ArduPilot and hardware-in-loop with PX4 for physically and visually realistic simulations. It is developed as an Unreal plugin that can simply be dropped into any Unreal environment. Similarly, there exists an experimental version for a Unity plugin. Source: AirSim: High-Fidelity Visual and Physical Simulation for Autonomous Vehicles

Virtual KITTI

Virtual KITTI is a photo-realistic synthetic video dataset designed to learn and evaluate computer vision models for several video understanding tasks: object detection and multi-object tracking, scene-level and instance-level semantic segmentation, optical flow, and depth estimation. Virtual KITTI contains 50 high-resolution monocular videos (21,260 frames) generated from five different virtual worlds in urban settings under different imaging and weather conditions. These worlds were created using the Unity game engine and a novel real-to-virtual cloning method. These photo-realistic synthetic videos are automatically, exactly, and fully annotated for 2D and 3D multi-object tracking and at the pixel level with category, instance, flow, and depth labels (cf. below for download links). Source: https://europe.naverlabs.com/research/computer-vision/proxy-virtual-worlds-vkitti-1/ Image Source: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1605.06457.pdf

Waymo Open Motion Dataset

As autonomous driving systems mature, motion forecasting has received increasing attention as a critical requirement for planning. Of particular importance are interactive situations such as merges, unprotected turns, etc., where predicting individual object motion is not sufficient. Joint predictions of multiple objects are required for effective route planning. There has been a critical need for high-quality motion data that is rich in both interactions and annotation to develop motion planning models. In this work, we introduce the most diverse interactive motion dataset to our knowledge, and provide specific labels for interacting objects suitable for developing joint prediction models. With over 100,000 scenes, each 20 seconds long at 10 Hz, our new dataset contains more than 570 hours of unique data over 1750 km of roadways. It was collected by mining for interesting interactions between vehicles, pedestrians, and cyclists across six cities within the United States. We use a high-accuracy 3D auto-labeling system to generate high quality 3D bounding boxes for each road agent, and provide corresponding high definition 3D maps for each scene. Furthermore, we introduce a new set of metrics that provides a comprehensive evaluation of both single agent and joint agent interaction motion forecasting models. Finally, we provide strong baseline models for individual-agent prediction and joint-prediction. We hope that this new large-scale interactive motion dataset will provide new opportunities for advancing motion forecasting models.

IDD

IDD is a dataset for road scene understanding in unstructured environments used for semantic segmentation and object detection for autonomous driving. It consists of 10,004 images, finely annotated with 34 classes collected from 182 drive sequences on Indian roads. Source: IDD: A Dataset for Exploring Problems of Autonomous Navigation in Unconstrained Environments Image Source: Varma et al

TORCS

TORCS (The Open Racing Car Simulator) is a driving simulator. It is capable of simulating the essential elements of vehicular dynamics such as mass, rotational inertia, collision, mechanics of suspensions, links and differentials, friction and aerodynamics. Physics simulation is simplified and is carried out through Euler integration of differential equations at a temporal discretization level of 0.002 seconds. The rendering pipeline is lightweight and based on OpenGL that can be turned off for faster training. TORCS offers a large variety of tracks and cars as free assets. It also provides a number of programmed robot cars with different levels of performance that can be used to benchmark the performance of human players and software driving agents. TORCS was built with the goal of developing Artificial Intelligence for vehicular control and has been used extensively by the machine learning community ever since its inception. Source: MADRaS : Multi Agent Driving Simulator Image Source: https://sourceforge.net/projects/torcs/

INTERACTION Dataset

The INTERACTION dataset contains naturalistic motions of various traffic participants in a variety of highly interactive driving scenarios from different countries. The dataset can serve for many behavior-related research areas, such as - 1) intention/behavior/motion prediction, - 2) behavior cloning and imitation learning, - 3) behavior analysis and modeling, - 4) motion pattern and representation learning, - 5) interactive behavior extraction and categorization, - 6) social and human-like behavior generation, - 7) decision-making and planning algorithm development and verification, - 8) driving scenario/case generation, etc. Source: https://interaction-dataset.com/ Image Source: https://interaction-dataset.com/

ApolloScape

ApolloScape is a large dataset consisting of over 140,000 video frames (73 street scene videos) from various locations in China under varying weather conditions. Pixel-wise semantic annotation of the recorded data is provided in 2D, with point-wise semantic annotation in 3D for 28 classes. In addition, the dataset contains lane marking annotations in 2D. Source: A2D2: Audi Autonomous Driving Dataset Image Source: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1803.06184.pdf

SemanticPOSS

The SemanticPOSS dataset for 3D semantic segmentation contains 2988 various and complicated LiDAR scans with large quantity of dynamic instances. The data is collected in Peking University and uses the same data format as SemanticKITTI. Source: SemanticPOSS: A Point Cloud Dataset with Large Quantity of Dynamic Instances

Lost and Found

Lost and Found is a novel lost-cargo image sequence dataset comprising more than two thousand frames with pixelwise annotations of obstacle and free-space and provide a thorough comparison to several stereo-based baseline methods. The dataset will be made available to the community to foster further research on this important topic. Source: Lost and Found: Detecting Small Road Hazards for Self-Driving Vehicles Image Source: http://www.6d-vision.com/lostandfounddataset

WoodScape

Fisheye cameras are commonly employed for obtaining a large field of view in surveillance, augmented reality and in particular automotive applications. In spite of its prevalence, there are few public datasets for detailed evaluation of computer vision algorithms on fisheye images. WoodScape is an extensive fisheye automotive dataset named after Robert Wood who invented the fisheye camera in 1906. WoodScape comprises of four surround view cameras and nine tasks including segmentation, depth estimation, 3D bounding box detection and soiling detection. Semantic annotation of 40 classes at the instance level is provided for over 10,000 images and annotation for other tasks are provided for over 100,000 images. Source: https://github.com/valeoai/WoodScape Image Source: https://github.com/valeoai/WoodScape

PandaSet

PandaSet is a dataset produced by a complete, high-precision autonomous vehicle sensor kit with a no-cost commercial license. The dataset was collected using one 360x360 mechanical spinning LiDAR, one forward-facing, long-range LiDRAR, and 6 cameras. The datasets contains more than 100 scenes, each of which is 8 seconds long, and provides 28 types of labels for object classification and 37 types of annotations for semantic segmentation.

UAVid

UAVid is a high-resolution UAV semantic segmentation dataset as a complement, which brings new challenges, including large scale variation, moving object recognition and temporal consistency preservation. The UAV dataset consists of 30 video sequences capturing 4K high-resolution images in slanted views. In total, 300 images have been densely labeled with 8 classes for the semantic labeling task. Source: UAVid: A Semantic Segmentation Dataset for UAV Imagery Image Source: https://uavid.nl/

DrivingStereo

DrivingStereo contains over 180k images covering a diverse set of driving scenarios, which is hundreds of times larger than the KITTI Stereo dataset. High-quality labels of disparity are produced by a model-guided filtering strategy from multi-frame LiDAR points. Source: DrivingStereo: A Large-Scale Dataset for Stereo Matching in Autonomous Driving Scenarios Image Source: https://drivingstereo-dataset.github.io/

BDD-X

Berkeley Deep Drive-X (eXplanation) is a dataset is composed of over 77 hours of driving within 6,970 videos. The videos are taken in diverse driving conditions, e.g. day/night, highway/city/countryside, summer/winter etc. On average 40 seconds long, each video contains around 3-4 actions, e.g. speeding up, slowing down, turning right etc., all of which are annotated with a description and an explanation. Our dataset contains over 26K activities in over 8.4M frames. Image source: https://github.com/JinkyuKimUCB/BDD-X-dataset

WildDash

WildDash is a benchmark evaluation method is presented that uses the meta-information to calculate the robustness of a given algorithm with respect to the individual hazards. Source: WildDash - Creating Hazard-Aware Benchmarks Image Source: https://wilddash.cc/

Talk2Car

The Talk2Car dataset finds itself at the intersection of various research domains, promoting the development of cross-disciplinary solutions for improving the state-of-the-art in grounding natural language into visual space. The annotations were gathered with the following aspects in mind: Free-form high quality natural language commands, that stimulate the development of solutions that can operate in the wild. A realistic task setting. Specifically, the authors consider an autonomous driving setting, where a passenger can control the actions of an Autonomous Vehicle by giving commands in natural language. The Talk2Car dataset was build on top of the nuScenes dataset to include an extensive suite of sensor modalities, i.e. semantic maps, GPS, LIDAR, RADAR and 360-degree RGB images annotated with 3D bounding boxes. Such variety of input modalities sets the object referral task on the Talk2Car dataset apart from related challenges, where additional sensor modalities are generally missing. Source: https://talk2car.github.io/ Image Source: https://github.com/talk2car/Talk2Car

KITTI Road

KITTI Road is road and lane estimation benchmark that consists of 289 training and 290 test images. It contains three different categories of road scenes: * uu - urban unmarked (98/100) * um - urban marked (95/96) * umm - urban multiple marked lanes (96/94) * urban - combination of the three above Ground truth has been generated by manual annotation of the images and is available for two different road terrain types: road - the road area, i.e, the composition of all lanes, and lane - the ego-lane, i.e., the lane the vehicle is currently driving on (only available for category "um"). Ground truth is provided for training images only. Source: http://www.cvlibs.net/datasets/kitti/eval_road.php Image Source: http://www.cvlibs.net/datasets/kitti/eval_road.php

Argoverse 2 Motion Forecasting

The Argoverse 2 Motion Forecasting Dataset is a curated collection of 250,000 scenarios for training and validation. Each scenario is 11 seconds long and contains the 2D, birds-eye-view centroid and heading of each tracked object sampled at 10 Hz. To curate this collection, we sifted through thousands of hours of driving data from our fleet of self-driving test vehicles to find the most challenging segments. We place special emphasis on kinematically and socially unusual behavior, especially when exhibited by actors relevant to the ego-vehicle’s decision-making process. Some examples of interactions captured within our dataset include: buses navigating through multi-lane intersections, vehicles yielding to pedestrians at crosswalks, and cyclists sharing dense city streets. Spanning 2,000+ km over six geographically diverse cities, Argoverse 2 covers a large geographic area. Argoverse 2 also contains a large object taxonomy with 10 non-overlapping classes that encompass a broad range of actors, both static and dynamic. In comparison to the Argoverse 1 Motion Forecasting Dataset, the scenarios in this dataset are approximately twice as long and more diverse. Together, these changes incentivize methods that perform well on extended forecast horizons, handle multiple types of dynamic objects, and ensure safety in long tail scenarios.

H3D

The H3D is a large scale full-surround 3D multi-object detection and tracking dataset. It is gathered from HDD dataset, a large scale naturalistic driving dataset collected in San Francisco Bay Area. H3D consists of following features: * Full 360 degree LiDAR dataset (dense pointcloud from Velodyne-64) * 160 crowded and highly interactive traffic scenes * 1,071,302 3D bounding box labels * 8 common classes of traffic participants (Manually annotated every 2Hz and linearly propagated for 10 Hz data) * Benchmarked on state-of-the art algorithms for 3D only detection and tracking algorithms.

A*3D

The A*3D dataset is a step forward to make autonomous driving safer for pedestrians and the public in the real world. Characteristics: * 230K human-labeled 3D object annotations in 39,179 LiDAR point cloud frames and corresponding frontal-facing RGB images. * Captured at different times (day, night) and weathers (sun, cloud, rain). Source: https://github.com/I2RDL2/ASTAR-3D Image Source: https://github.com/I2RDL2/ASTAR-3D

DR(eye)VE

DR(eye)VE is a large dataset of driving scenes for which eye-tracking annotations are available. This dataset features more than 500,000 registered frames, matching ego-centric views (from glasses worn by drivers) and car-centric views (from roof-mounted camera), further enriched by other sensors measurements. Source: Predicting the Driver's Focus of Attention: the DR(eye)VE Project Image Source: http://imagelab.ing.unimore.it/dreyeve

ROAD

ROAD is designed to test an autonomous vehicle's ability to detect road events, defined as triplets composed by an active agent, the action(s) it performs and the corresponding scene locations. ROAD comprises videos originally from the Oxford RobotCar Dataset, annotated with bounding boxes showing the location in the image plane of each road event.

CARRADA

CARRADA is a dataset of synchronized camera and radar recordings with range-angle-Doppler annotations. Source: CARRADA Dataset: Camera and Automotive Radar with Range-Angle-Doppler Annotations Image Source: https://github.com/valeoai/carrada_dataset

Argoverse-HD

Argoverse-HD is a dataset built for streaming object detection, which encompasses real-time object detection, video object detection, tracking, and short-term forecasting. It contains the video data from Argoverse 1.1 with our own MS COCO-style bounding box annotations with track IDs. The annotations are backward-compatible with COCO as one can directly evaluate COCO pre-trained models on this dataset to estimate the efficiency or the cross-dataset generalization capability of the models. The dataset contains high-quality and temporally-dense annotations for high-resolution videos (1920 x 1200 @ 30 FPS). Overall, there are 70,000 image frames and 1.3 million bounding boxes. Argoverse-HD is the dataset used in the Streaming Perception Challenge, which includes two tracks: - Detection-only (real-time object detection). In this track, the participants will develop single-frame object detectors as they would for COCO and LVIS challenges. The crucial distinction is that the evaluation will score latency through streaming accuracy. - Full-stack. In this track, the method is unrestricted. However, most likely tracking and forecasting will be used to compensate for the latency of the detectors. By default, all submissions measure their latency on a V100 GPU with the official toolkit.

Expi

Extreme Pose Interaction (ExPI) Dataset is a new person interaction dataset of Lindy Hop dancing actions. In Lindy Hop, the two dancers are called leader and follower. The authors recorded two couples of dancers in a multi-camera setup equipped also with a motion-capture system. 16 different actions are performed in ExPI dataset, some by the two couples of dancers, some by only one of the couples. Each action was repeated five times to account for variability. More precisely, for each recorded sequence, ExPI provides: (i) Multi-view videos at 25FPS from all the cameras in the recording setup; (ii) Mocap data (3D position of 18 joints for each person) at 25FPS synchronized with the videos.; (iii) camera calibration information; and (iv) 3D shapes as textured meshes for each frame. Overall, the dataset contains 115 sequences with 30k visual frames for each viewpoint and 60k 3D instances annotated

4Seasons

4Seasons is adataset covering seasonal and challenging perceptual conditions for autonomous driving. Source: 4Seasons: A Cross-Season Dataset for Multi-Weather SLAM in Autonomous Driving Image Source: Wenzel et al

TITAN

TITAN consists of 700 labeled video-clips (with odometry) captured from a moving vehicle on highly interactive urban traffic scenes in Tokyo. The dataset includes 50 labels including vehicle states and actions, pedestrian age groups, and targeted pedestrian action attributes that are organized hierarchically corresponding to atomic, simple/complex-contextual, transportive, and communicative actions. Source: TITAN: Future Forecast using Action Priors

KITTI-Depth

The KITTI-Depth dataset includes depth maps from projected LiDAR point clouds that were matched against the depth estimation from the stereo cameras. The depth images are highly sparse with only 5% of the pixels available and the rest is missing. The dataset has 86k training images, 7k validation images, and 1k test set images on the benchmark server with no access to the ground truth. Source: Confidence Propagation through CNNs for Guided Sparse Depth Regression Image Source: http://www.cvlibs.net/datasets/kitti/eval_depth.php?benchmark=depth_prediction

SinD

The SIND dataset is based on 4K video captured by drones, providing information including traffic participant trajectories, traffic light status, and high-definition maps

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