Scene Understanding

Cityscapes is a large-scale database which focuses on semantic understanding of urban street scenes. It provides semantic, instance-wise, and dense pixel annotations for 30 classes grouped into 8 categories (flat surfaces, humans, vehicles, constructions, objects, nature, sky, and void). The dataset consists of around 5000 fine annotated images and 20000 coarse annotated ones. Data was captured in 50 cities during several months, daytimes, and good weather conditions. It was originally recorded as video so the frames were manually selected to have the following features: large number of dynamic objects, varying scene layout, and varying background. Source: A Review on Deep Learning Techniques Applied to Semantic Segmentation Image Source: https://www.cityscapes-dataset.com/dataset-overview/

KITTI (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Toyota Technological Institute) is one of the most popular datasets for use in mobile robotics and autonomous driving. It consists of hours of traffic scenarios recorded with a variety of sensor modalities, including high-resolution RGB, grayscale stereo cameras, and a 3D laser scanner. Despite its popularity, the dataset itself does not contain ground truth for semantic segmentation. However, various researchers have manually annotated parts of the dataset to fit their necessities. Álvarez et al. generated ground truth for 323 images from the road detection challenge with three classes: road, vertical, and sky. Zhang et al. annotated 252 (140 for training and 112 for testing) acquisitions – RGB and Velodyne scans – from the tracking challenge for ten object categories: building, sky, road, vegetation, sidewalk, car, pedestrian, cyclist, sign/pole, and fence. Ros et al. labeled 170 training images and 46 testing images (from the visual odometry challenge) with 11 classes: building, tree, sky, car, sign, road, pedestrian, fence, pole, sidewalk, and bicyclist. Source: A Review on Deep Learning Techniques Applied to Semantic Segmentation Image Source: http://www.cvlibs.net/datasets/kitti/eval_object.php?obj_benchmark=3d

Visual Genome contains Visual Question Answering data in a multi-choice setting. It consists of 101,174 images from MSCOCO with 1.7 million QA pairs, 17 questions per image on average. Compared to the Visual Question Answering dataset, Visual Genome represents a more balanced distribution over 6 question types: What, Where, When, Who, Why and How. The Visual Genome dataset also presents 108K images with densely annotated objects, attributes and relationships. Source: RaAM: A Relation-aware Attention Model for Visual Question Answering Image Source: Visual Genome: Connecting Language and Vision Using Crowdsourced Dense Image Annotations

The ADE20K semantic segmentation dataset contains more than 20K scene-centric images exhaustively annotated with pixel-level objects and object parts labels. There are totally 150 semantic categories, which include stuffs like sky, road, grass, and discrete objects like person, car, bed. Source: Cooperative Image Segmentation and Restoration in Adverse Environmental Conditions Image Source: https://groups.csail.mit.edu/vision/datasets/ADE20K/

Argoverse is a tracking benchmark with over 30K scenarios collected in Pittsburgh and Miami. Each scenario is a sequence of frames sampled at 10 HZ. Each sequence has an interesting object called “agent”, and the task is to predict the future locations of agents in a 3 seconds future horizon. The sequences are split into training, validation and test sets, which have 205,942, 39,472 and 78,143 sequences respectively. These splits have no geographical overlap. Source: Learning Lane Graph Representations for Motion Forecasting Image Source: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1911.02620.pdf

CamVid (Cambridge-driving Labeled Video Database) is a road/driving scene understanding database which was originally captured as five video sequences with a 960×720 resolution camera mounted on the dashboard of a car. Those sequences were sampled (four of them at 1 fps and one at 15 fps) adding up to 701 frames. Those stills were manually annotated with 32 classes: void, building, wall, tree, vegetation, fence, sidewalk, parking block, column/pole, traffic cone, bridge, sign, miscellaneous text, traffic light, sky, tunnel, archway, road, road shoulder, lane markings (driving), lane markings (non-driving), animal, pedestrian, child, cart luggage, bicyclist, motorcycle, car, SUV/pickup/truck, truck/bus, train, and other moving object Source: A Review on Deep Learning TechniquesApplied to Semantic Segmentation Image Source: http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/VideoRec/CamVid/

The Visual Relationship Dataset (VRD) contains 4000 images for training and 1000 for testing annotated with visual relationships. Bounding boxes are annotated with a label containing 100 unary predicates. These labels refer to animals, vehicles, clothes and generic objects. Pairs of bounding boxes are annotated with a label containing 70 binary predicates. These labels refer to actions, prepositions, spatial relations, comparatives or preposition phrases. The dataset has 37993 instances of visual relationships and 6672 types of relationships. 1877 instances of relationships occur only in the test set and they are used to evaluate the zero-shot learning scenario. Source: Compensating Supervision Incompleteness with Prior Knowledge in Semantic Image Interpretation Image Source: https://cs.stanford.edu/people/ranjaykrishna/vrd/

The 2D-3D-S dataset provides a variety of mutually registered modalities from 2D, 2.5D and 3D domains, with instance-level semantic and geometric annotations. It covers over 6,000 m2 collected in 6 large-scale indoor areas that originate from 3 different buildings. It contains over 70,000 RGB images, along with the corresponding depths, surface normals, semantic annotations, global XYZ images (all in forms of both regular and 360° equirectangular images) as well as camera information. It also includes registered raw and semantically annotated 3D meshes and point clouds. The dataset enables development of joint and cross-modal learning models and potentially unsupervised approaches utilizing the regularities present in large-scale indoor spaces. Source: https://github.com/alexsax/2D-3D-Semantics Image Source: https://github.com/alexsax/2D-3D-Semantics

SegTrack v2 is a video segmentation dataset with full pixel-level annotations on multiple objects at each frame within each video. Source: https://web.engr.oregonstate.edu/~lif/SegTrack2/dataset.html Image Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325842926_Semantic_Video_Segmentation_A_Review_on_Recent_Approaches

The goal of the SUN360 panorama database is to provide academic researchers in computer vision, computer graphics and computational photography, cognition and neuroscience, human perception, machine learning and data mining, with a comprehensive collection of annotated panoramas covering 360x180-degree full view for a large variety of environmental scenes, places and the objects within. To build the core of the dataset, the authors download a huge number of high-resolution panorama images from the Internet, and group them into different place categories. Then, they designed a WebGL annotation tool for annotating the polygons and cuboids for objects in the scene. Source: Scene UNderstanding 360° panorama Image Source: http://3dvision.princeton.edu/projects/2012/SUN360/

A novel large-scale corpus of manual annotations for the SoccerNet video dataset, along with open challenges to encourage more research in soccer understanding and broadcast production. Source: SoccerNet-v2 : A Dataset and Benchmarks for Holistic Understanding of Broadcast Soccer Videos

RELLIS-3D is a multi-modal dataset for off-road robotics. It was collected in an off-road environment containing annotations for 13,556 LiDAR scans and 6,235 images. The data was collected on the Rellis Campus of Texas A&M University and presents challenges to existing algorithms related to class imbalance and environmental topography. The dataset also provides full-stack sensor data in ROS bag format, including RGB camera images, LiDAR point clouds, a pair of stereo images, high-precision GPS measurement, and IMU data. Source: https://github.com/unmannedlab/RELLIS-3D Image Source: https://github.com/unmannedlab/RELLIS-3D

UAVid is a high-resolution UAV semantic segmentation dataset as a complement, which brings new challenges, including large scale variation, moving object recognition and temporal consistency preservation. The UAV dataset consists of 30 video sequences capturing 4K high-resolution images in slanted views. In total, 300 images have been densely labeled with 8 classes for the semantic labeling task. Source: UAVid: A Semantic Segmentation Dataset for UAV Imagery Image Source: https://uavid.nl/

The large-scale MUSIC-AVQA dataset of musical performance contains 45,867 question-answer pairs, distributed in 9,288 videos for over 150 hours. All QA pairs types are divided into 3 modal scenarios, which contain 9 question types and 33 question templates. Finally, as an open-ended problem of our AVQA tasks, all 42 kinds of answers constitute a set for selection.

CoMplex video Object SEgmentation (MOSE) is a dataset to study the tracking and segmenting objects in complex environments. MOSE contains 2,149 video clips and 5,200 objects from 36 categories, with 431,725 high-quality object segmentation masks. The most notable feature of MOSE dataset is complex scenes with crowded and occluded objects. Source: MOSE: A New Dataset for Video Object Segmentation in Complex Scenes

A novel dataset and benchmark, which features 1482 RGB-D scans of 478 environments across multiple time steps. Each scene includes several objects whose positions change over time, together with ground truth annotations of object instances and their respective 6DoF mappings among re-scans. Source: RIO: 3D Object Instance Re-Localization in Changing Indoor Environments

The PanoContext dataset contains 500 annotated cuboid layouts of indoor environments such as bedrooms and living rooms. Source: LayoutNet: Reconstructing the 3D Room Layout from a Single RGB Image Image Source: https://panocontext.cs.princeton.edu/paper.pdf

KITTI Road is road and lane estimation benchmark that consists of 289 training and 290 test images. It contains three different categories of road scenes: * uu - urban unmarked (98/100) * um - urban marked (95/96) * umm - urban multiple marked lanes (96/94) * urban - combination of the three above Ground truth has been generated by manual annotation of the images and is available for two different road terrain types: road - the road area, i.e, the composition of all lanes, and lane - the ego-lane, i.e., the lane the vehicle is currently driving on (only available for category "um"). Ground truth is provided for training images only. Source: http://www.cvlibs.net/datasets/kitti/eval_road.php Image Source: http://www.cvlibs.net/datasets/kitti/eval_road.php

A Large-scale Dataset for Video Scene Parsing in the Wild

The Segmentation of Underwater IMagery (SUIM) dataset contains over 1500 images with pixel annotations for eight object categories: fish (vertebrates), reefs (invertebrates), aquatic plants, wrecks/ruins, human divers, robots, and sea-floor. The images have been rigorously collected during oceanic explorations and human-robot collaborative experiments, and annotated by human participants. Source: Semantic Segmentation of Underwater Imagery: Dataset and Benchmark Image Source: http://irvlab.cs.umn.edu/resources/suim-dataset

The SensatUrbat dataset is an urban-scale photogrammetric point cloud dataset with nearly three billion richly annotated points, which is five times the number of labeled points than the existing largest point cloud dataset. The dataset consists of large areas from two UK cities, covering about 6 km^2 of the city landscape. In the dataset, each 3D point is labeled as one of 13 semantic classes, such as ground, vegetation, car, etc.. Source: https://github.com/QingyongHu/SensatUrban Image Source: https://github.com/QingyongHu/SensatUrban

RADIATE (RAdar Dataset In Adverse weaThEr) is new automotive dataset created by Heriot-Watt University which includes Radar, Lidar, Stereo Camera and GPS/IMU. The data is collected in different weather scenarios (sunny, overcast, night, fog, rain and snow) to help the research community to develop new methods of vehicle perception. The radar images are annotated in 7 different scenarios: Sunny (Parked), Sunny/Overcast (Urban), Overcast (Motorway), Night (Motorway), Rain (Suburban), Fog (Suburban) and Snow (Suburban). The dataset contains 8 different types of objects (car, van, truck, bus, motorbike, bicycle, pedestrian and group of pedestrians). Source: https://github.com/marcelsheeny/radiate_sdk Image Source: https://github.com/marcelsheeny/radiate_sdk

Toronto-3D is a large-scale urban outdoor point cloud dataset acquired by an MLS system in Toronto, Canada for semantic segmentation. This dataset covers approximately 1 km of road and consists of about 78.3 million points. Point clouds has 10 attributes and classified in 8 labelled object classes. Source: https://github.com/WeikaiTan/Toronto-3D Image Source: https://github.com/WeikaiTan/Toronto-3D

A simulation-based dataset featuring 20,000 stack configurations composed of a variety of elementary geometric primitives richly annotated regarding semantics and structural stability. Source: ShapeStacks: Learning Vision-Based Physical Intuition for Generalised Object Stacking

MLRSNet is a a multi-label high spatial resolution remote sensing dataset for semantic scene understanding. It provides different perspectives of the world captured from satellites. That is, it is composed of high spatial resolution optical satellite images. MLRSNet contains 109,161 remote sensing images that are annotated into 46 categories, and the number of sample images in a category varies from 1,500 to 3,000. The images have a fixed size of 256×256 pixels with various pixel resolutions (~10m to 0.1m). Moreover, each image in the dataset is tagged with several of 60 predefined class labels, and the number of labels associated with each image varies from 1 to 13. The dataset can be used for multi-label based image classification, multi-label based image retrieval, and image segmentation. Source: https://github.com/cugbrs/MLRSNet Image Source: Qi et al

SceneNet is a dataset of labelled synthetic indoor scenes. There are several labeled indoor scenes, including: - 11 Bedroom scenes with 428 objects - 15 Office scenes with 1,203 objects - 11 Kitchen scenes with 797 objects - 10 Living Room scenes with 715 objects - 10 Bathrooms with 556 objects Source: https://robotvault.bitbucket.io/ Image Source: https://robotvault.bitbucket.io/big_scene.html

DADA-2000 is a large-scale benchmark with 2000 video sequences (named as DADA-2000) is contributed with laborious annotation for driver attention (fixation, saccade, focusing time), accident objects/intervals, as well as the accident categories, and superior performance to state-of-the-arts are provided by thorough evaluations. Source: DADA: A Large-scale Benchmark and Model for Driver Attention Prediction in Accidental Scenarios Image Source: Fang et al

A novel benchmark dataset that includes a manually annotated point cloud for over 260 million laser scanning points into 100'000 (approx.) assets from Dublin LiDAR point cloud [12] in 2015. Objects are labelled into 13 classes using hierarchical levels of detail from large (i.e., building, vegetation and ground) to refined (i.e., window, door and tree) elements. Source: DublinCity: Annotated LiDAR Point Cloud and its Applications

IRS is an open dataset for indoor robotics vision tasks, especially disparity and surface normal estimation. It contains totally 103,316 samples covering a wide range of indoor scenes, such as home, office, store and restaurant. Source: https://github.com/HKBU-HPML/IRS Image Source: https://github.com/HKBU-HPML/IRS

DAWN emphasizes a diverse traffic environment (urban, highway and freeway) as well as a rich variety of traffic flow. The DAWN dataset comprises a collection of 1000 images from real-traffic environments, which are divided into four sets of weather conditions: fog, snow, rain and sandstorms. The dataset is annotated with object bounding boxes for autonomous driving and video surveillance scenarios. This data helps interpreting effects caused by the adverse weather conditions on the performance of vehicle detection systems. Source: DAWN: Vehicle Detection in Adverse Weather Nature Dataset Image Source: Kenk and Hassaballah

DeepScores contains high quality images of musical scores, partitioned into 300,000 sheets of written music that contain symbols of different shapes and sizes. For advancing the state-of-the-art in small objects recognition, and by placing the question of object recognition in the context of scene understanding. Source: DeepScores -- A Dataset for Segmentation, Detection and Classification of Tiny Objects Image Source: https://tuggeluk.github.io/deepscores/

ImageNet-VidVRD dataset contains 1,000 videos selected from ILVSRC2016-VID dataset based on whether the video contains clear visual relations. It is split into 800 training set and 200 test set, and covers common subject/objects of 35 categories and predicates of 132 categories. Ten people contributed to labeling the dataset, which includes object trajectory labeling and relation labeling. Since the ILVSRC2016-VID dataset has the object trajectory annotation for 30 categories already, we supplemented the annotations by labeling the remaining 5 categories. In order to save the labor of relation labeling, we labeled typical segments of the videos in the training set and the whole of the videos in the test set.

The AIRS (Aerial Imagery for Roof Segmentation) dataset provides a wide coverage of aerial imagery with 7.5 cm resolution and contains over 220,000 buildings. The task posed for AIRS is defined as roof segmentation. Source: Aerial Imagery for Roof Segmentation: A Large-Scale Dataset towards Automatic Mapping of Buildings

The Pascal Panoptic Parts dataset consists of annotations for the part-aware panoptic segmentation task on the PASCAL VOC 2010 dataset. It is created by merging scene-level labels from PASCAL-Context with part-level labels from PASCAL-Part Source: https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.06351 Image Source: https://github.com/tue-mps/panoptic_parts

PSI-AVA is a dataset designed for holistic surgical scene understanding. It contains approximately 20.45 hours of the surgical procedure performed by three expert surgeons and annotations for both long-term (Phase and Step recognition) and short-term reasoning (Instrument detection and novel Atomic Action recognition) in robot-assisted radical prostatectomy videos. Source: Towards Holistic Surgical Scene Understanding Image Source: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2212.04582v2.pdf

The Cityscapes Panoptic Parts dataset introduces part-aware panoptic segmentation annotations for the Cityscapes dataset. It extends the original panoptic annotations for the Cityscapes dataset with part-level annotations for selected scene-level classes. Source: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.07944.pdf Image Source: https://github.com/pmeletis/panoptic_parts