3D Object Detection

KITTI (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Toyota Technological Institute) is one of the most popular datasets for use in mobile robotics and autonomous driving. It consists of hours of traffic scenarios recorded with a variety of sensor modalities, including high-resolution RGB, grayscale stereo cameras, and a 3D laser scanner. Despite its popularity, the dataset itself does not contain ground truth for semantic segmentation. However, various researchers have manually annotated parts of the dataset to fit their necessities. Álvarez et al. generated ground truth for 323 images from the road detection challenge with three classes: road, vertical, and sky. Zhang et al. annotated 252 (140 for training and 112 for testing) acquisitions – RGB and Velodyne scans – from the tracking challenge for ten object categories: building, sky, road, vegetation, sidewalk, car, pedestrian, cyclist, sign/pole, and fence. Ros et al. labeled 170 training images and 46 testing images (from the visual odometry challenge) with 11 classes: building, tree, sky, car, sign, road, pedestrian, fence, pole, sidewalk, and bicyclist. Source: A Review on Deep Learning Techniques Applied to Semantic Segmentation Image Source: http://www.cvlibs.net/datasets/kitti/eval_object.php?obj_benchmark=3d

The nuScenes dataset is a large-scale autonomous driving dataset. The dataset has 3D bounding boxes for 1000 scenes collected in Boston and Singapore. Each scene is 20 seconds long and annotated at 2Hz. This results in a total of 28130 samples for training, 6019 samples for validation and 6008 samples for testing. The dataset has the full autonomous vehicle data suite: 32-beam LiDAR, 6 cameras and radars with complete 360° coverage. The 3D object detection challenge evaluates the performance on 10 classes: cars, trucks, buses, trailers, construction vehicles, pedestrians, motorcycles, bicycles, traffic cones and barriers. Source: PointPainting: Sequential Fusion for 3D Object Detection

ScanNet is an instance-level indoor RGB-D dataset that includes both 2D and 3D data. It is a collection of labeled voxels rather than points or objects. Up to now, ScanNet v2, the newest version of ScanNet, has collected 1513 annotated scans with an approximate 90% surface coverage. In the semantic segmentation task, this dataset is marked in 20 classes of annotated 3D voxelized objects. Source: A Review of Point Cloud Semantic Segmentation Image Source: http://www.scan-net.org/

The NYU-Depth V2 data set is comprised of video sequences from a variety of indoor scenes as recorded by both the RGB and Depth cameras from the Microsoft Kinect. It features: * 1449 densely labeled pairs of aligned RGB and depth images * 464 new scenes taken from 3 cities * 407,024 new unlabeled frames * Each object is labeled with a class and an instance number. The dataset has several components: * Labeled: A subset of the video data accompanied by dense multi-class labels. This data has also been preprocessed to fill in missing depth labels. * Raw: The raw RGB, depth and accelerometer data as provided by the Kinect. * Toolbox: Useful functions for manipulating the data and labels. Source: https://cs.nyu.edu/~silberman/datasets/nyu_depth_v2.html Image Source: https://cs.nyu.edu/~silberman/datasets/nyu_depth_v2.html

The Stanford 3D Indoor Scene Dataset (S3DIS) dataset contains 6 large-scale indoor areas with 271 rooms. Each point in the scene point cloud is annotated with one of the 13 semantic categories. Source: Grid-GCN for Fast and Scalable Point Cloud Learning Image Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Examples-of-classified-scenes-in-S3DIS-dataset-left-with-groundtruth-right_fig2_328307943

The Waymo Open Dataset is comprised of high resolution sensor data collected by autonomous vehicles operated by the Waymo Driver in a wide variety of conditions. The Waymo Open Dataset currently contains 1,950 segments. The authors plan to grow this dataset in the future. Currently the datasets includes: * 1,950 segments of 20s each, collected at 10Hz (390,000 frames) in diverse geographies and conditions * Sensor data * 1 mid-range lidar * 4 short-range lidars * 5 cameras (front and sides) * Synchronized lidar and camera data * Lidar to camera projections * Sensor calibrations and vehicle poses * Labeled data * Labels for 4 object classes - Vehicles, Pedestrians, Cyclists, Signs * High-quality labels for lidar data in 1,200 segments * 12.6M 3D bounding box labels with tracking IDs on lidar data * High-quality labels for camera data in 1,000 segments * 11.8M 2D bounding box labels with tracking IDs on camera data

The SUN RGBD dataset contains 10335 real RGB-D images of room scenes. Each RGB image has a corresponding depth and segmentation map. As many as 700 object categories are labeled. The training and testing sets contain 5285 and 5050 images, respectively. Source: Mix and match networks: multi-domain alignment for unpaired image-to-image translation Image Source: https://rgbd.cs.princeton.edu/

Argoverse is a tracking benchmark with over 30K scenarios collected in Pittsburgh and Miami. Each scenario is a sequence of frames sampled at 10 HZ. Each sequence has an interesting object called “agent”, and the task is to predict the future locations of agents in a 3 seconds future horizon. The sequences are split into training, validation and test sets, which have 205,942, 39,472 and 78,143 sequences respectively. These splits have no geographical overlap. Source: Learning Lane Graph Representations for Motion Forecasting Image Source: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1911.02620.pdf

Argoverse 2 (AV2) is a collection of three datasets for perception and forecasting research in the self-driving domain. The annotated Sensor Dataset contains 1,000 sequences of multimodal data, encompassing high-resolution imagery from seven ring cameras, and two stereo cameras in addition to lidar point clouds, and 6-DOF map-aligned pose. Sequences contain 3D cuboid annotations for 26 object categories, all of which are sufficiently-sampled to support training and evaluation of 3D perception models. The Lidar Dataset contains 20,000 sequences of unlabeled lidar point clouds and map-aligned pose. This dataset is the largest ever collection of lidar sensor data and supports self-supervised learning and the emerging task of point cloud forecasting. Finally, the Motion Forecasting Dataset contains 250,000 scenarios mined for interesting and challenging interactions be- tween the autonomous vehicle and other actors in each local scene. Models are tasked with the prediction of future motion for “scored actors" in each scenario and are provided with track histories that capture object location, heading, velocity, and category. In all three datasets, each scenario contains its own HD Map with 3D lane and crosswalk geometry — sourced from data captured in six distinct cities. We believe these datasets will support new and existing machine learning research problems in ways that existing datasets do not. All datasets are released under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.

Virtual KITTI is a photo-realistic synthetic video dataset designed to learn and evaluate computer vision models for several video understanding tasks: object detection and multi-object tracking, scene-level and instance-level semantic segmentation, optical flow, and depth estimation. Virtual KITTI contains 50 high-resolution monocular videos (21,260 frames) generated from five different virtual worlds in urban settings under different imaging and weather conditions. These worlds were created using the Unity game engine and a novel real-to-virtual cloning method. These photo-realistic synthetic videos are automatically, exactly, and fully annotated for 2D and 3D multi-object tracking and at the pixel level with category, instance, flow, and depth labels (cf. below for download links). Source: https://europe.naverlabs.com/research/computer-vision/proxy-virtual-worlds-vkitti-1/ Image Source: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1605.06457.pdf

For many fundamental scene understanding tasks, it is difficult or impossible to obtain per-pixel ground truth labels from real images. Hypersim is a photorealistic synthetic dataset for holistic indoor scene understanding. It contains 77,400 images of 461 indoor scenes with detailed per-pixel labels and corresponding ground truth geometry. Source: https://github.com/apple/ml-hypersim Image Source: https://github.com/apple/ml-hypersim

ONCE (One millioN sCenEs) is a dataset for 3D object detection in the autonomous driving scenario. The ONCE dataset consists of 1 million LiDAR scenes and 7 million corresponding camera images. The data is selected from 144 driving hours, which is 20x longer than other 3D autonomous driving datasets available like nuScenes and Waymo, and it is collected across a range of different areas, periods and weather conditions. Consists of: * 1 Million LiDAR frames, 7 Million camera images * 200 km² driving regions, 144 driving hours * 15k fully annotated scenes with 5 classes (Car, Bus, Truck, Pedestrian, Cyclist) * Diverse environments (day/night, sunny/rainy, urban/suburban areas)

OPV2V is a large-scale open simulated dataset for Vehicle-to-Vehicle perception. It contains over 70 interesting scenes, 11,464 frames, and 232,913 annotated 3D vehicle bounding boxes, collected from 8 towns in CARLA and a digital town of Culver City, Los Angeles.

ARKitScenes is an RGB-D dataset captured with the widely available Apple LiDAR scanner. Along with the per-frame raw data (Wide Camera RGB, Ultra Wide camera RGB, LiDar scanner depth, IMU) the authors also provide the estimated ARKit camera pose and ARKit scene reconstruction for each iPad Pro sequence. In addition to the raw and processed data from the mobile device, ARKit.

Wildtrack is a large-scale and high-resolution dataset. It has been captured with seven static cameras in a public open area, and unscripted dense groups of pedestrians standing and walking. Together with the camera frames, we provide an accurate joint (extrinsic and intrinsic) calibration, as well as 7 series of 400 annotated frames for detection at a rate of 2 frames per second. This results in over 40 000 bounding boxes delimiting every person present in the area of interest, for a total of more than 300 individuals.

PandaSet is a dataset produced by a complete, high-precision autonomous vehicle sensor kit with a no-cost commercial license. The dataset was collected using one 360x360 mechanical spinning LiDAR, one forward-facing, long-range LiDRAR, and 6 cameras. The datasets contains more than 100 scenes, each of which is 8 seconds long, and provides 28 types of labels for object classification and 37 types of annotations for semantic segmentation.

Virtual KITTI 2 is an updated version of the well-known Virtual KITTI dataset which consists of 5 sequence clones from the KITTI tracking benchmark. In addition, the dataset provides different variants of these sequences such as modified weather conditions (e.g. fog, rain) or modified camera configurations (e.g. rotated by 15◦). For each sequence we provide multiple sets of images containing RGB, depth, class segmentation, instance segmentation, flow, and scene flow data. Camera parameters and poses as well as vehicle locations are available as well. In order to showcase some of the dataset’s capabilities, we ran multiple relevant experiments using state-of-the-art algorithms from the field of autonomous driving. The dataset is available for download at https://europe.naverlabs.com/Research/Computer-Vision/Proxy-Virtual-Worlds.

The Objectron dataset is a collection of short, object-centric video clips, which are accompanied by AR session metadata that includes camera poses, sparse point-clouds and characterization of the planar surfaces in the surrounding environment. In each video, the camera moves around the object, capturing it from different angles. The data also contain manually annotated 3D bounding boxes for each object, which describe the object’s position, orientation, and dimensions. The dataset consists of 15K annotated video clips supplemented with over 4M annotated images in the following categories: bikes, books, bottles, cameras, cereal boxes, chairs, cups, laptops, and shoes. To ensure geo-diversity, the dataset is collected from 10 countries across five continents. Source: https://github.com/google-research-datasets/Objectron Image Source: https://github.com/google-research-datasets/Objectron

A novel dataset and benchmark, which features 1482 RGB-D scans of 478 environments across multiple time steps. Each scene includes several objects whose positions change over time, together with ground truth annotations of object instances and their respective 6DoF mappings among re-scans. Source: RIO: 3D Object Instance Re-Localization in Changing Indoor Environments

The H3D is a large scale full-surround 3D multi-object detection and tracking dataset. It is gathered from HDD dataset, a large scale naturalistic driving dataset collected in San Francisco Bay Area. H3D consists of following features: * Full 360 degree LiDAR dataset (dense pointcloud from Velodyne-64) * 160 crowded and highly interactive traffic scenes * 1,071,302 3D bounding box labels * 8 common classes of traffic participants (Manually annotated every 2Hz and linearly propagated for 10 Hz data) * Benchmarked on state-of-the art algorithms for 3D only detection and tracking algorithms.

DAIR-V2X is a large-scale, multi-modality, multi-view dataset from real scenarios for VICAD. DAIR-V2X comprises 71254 LiDAR frames and 71254 Camera frames, and all frames are captured from real scenes with 3D annotations.

The A*3D dataset is a step forward to make autonomous driving safer for pedestrians and the public in the real world. Characteristics: * 230K human-labeled 3D object annotations in 39,179 LiDAR point cloud frames and corresponding frontal-facing RGB images. * Captured at different times (day, night) and weathers (sun, cloud, rain). Source: https://github.com/I2RDL2/ASTAR-3D Image Source: https://github.com/I2RDL2/ASTAR-3D

A large-scale V2X perception dataset using CARLA and OpenCDA

V2V4Real is a large-scale real-world multi-modal dataset for V2V perception. The data is collected by two vehicles equipped with multi modal sensors driving together through diverse scenarios. It covers a driving area of 410 km comprising 20K LiDAR frames, 40K RGB frames, 240K annotated 3D bounding boxes for 5 classes, and HDMaps that cover all the driving routes. Source: V2V4Real: A Real-world Large-scale Dataset for Vehicle-to-Vehicle Cooperative Perception Image Source: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.07601v1.pdf

We introduce an object detection dataset in challenging adverse weather conditions covering 12000 samples in real-world driving scenes and 1500 samples in controlled weather conditions within a fog chamber. The dataset includes different weather conditions like fog, snow, and rain and was acquired by over 10,000 km of driving in northern Europe. The driven route with cities along the road is shown on the right. In total, 100k Objekts were labeled with accurate 2D and 3D bounding boxes. The main contributions of this dataset are: - We provide a proving ground for a broad range of algorithms covering signal enhancement, domain adaptation, object detection, or multi-modal sensor fusion, focusing on the learning of robust redundancies between sensors, especially if they fail asymmetrically in different weather conditions. - The dataset was created with the initial intention to showcase methods, which learn of robust redundancies between the sensor and enable a raw data sensor fusion in case of asymmetric sensor failure induced through adverse weather effects. - In our case we departed from proposal level fusion and applied an adaptive fusion driven by measurement entropy enabling the detection also in case of unknown adverse weather effects. This method outperforms other reference fusion methods, which even drop in below single image methods. - Please check out our paper for more information.

🤖 Robo3D - The nuScenes-C Benchmark nuScenes-C is an evaluation benchmark heading toward robust and reliable 3D perception in autonomous driving. With it, we probe the robustness of 3D detectors and segmentors under out-of-distribution (OoD) scenarios against corruptions that occur in the real-world environment. Specifically, we consider natural corruptions happen in the following cases: - Adverse weather conditions, such as fog, wet ground, and snow; - External disturbances that are caused by motion blur or result in LiDAR beam missing; - Internal sensor failure, including crosstalk, possible incomplete echo, and cross-sensor scenarios. SemanticKITTI-C is part of the Robo3D benchmark. Visit our homepage to explore more details.

V2X-Sim, short for vehicle-to-everything simulation, is the a synthetic collaborative perception dataset in autonomous driving developed by AI4CE Lab at NYU and MediaBrain Group at SJTU to facilitate collaborative perception between multiple vehicles and roadside infrastructure. Data is collected from both roadside and vehicles when they are presented near the same intersection. With information from both the roadside infrastructure and vehicles, the dataset aims to encourage research on collaborative perception tasks. Although not collected from the real world, highly realistic traffic simulation software is used to ensure the representativeness of the dataset compared to real-world driving scenarios. To be more exact, the traffic flow of the recording files is managed by CARLA-SUMO co-simulation, and three town maps from CARLA are currently used to increase the diversity of the dataset. Here is a tutorial showing how to load the dataset: https://ai4ce.github.io/V2X-Sim/tutorial.html

🤖 Robo3D - The KITTI-C Benchmark KITTI-C is an evaluation benchmark heading toward robust and reliable 3D object detection in autonomous driving. With it, we probe the robustness of 3D detectors under out-of-distribution (OoD) scenarios against corruptions that occur in the real-world environment. Specifically, we consider natural corruptions happen in the following cases: - Adverse weather conditions, such as fog, wet ground, and snow; - External disturbances that are caused by motion blur or result in LiDAR beam missing; - Internal sensor failure, including crosstalk, possible incomplete echo, and cross-sensor scenarios. KITTI-C is part of the Robo3D benchmark. Visit our homepage to explore more details.

MultiviewX is a synthetic Multiview pedestrian detection dataset. It is build using pedestrian models from PersonX, in Unity. The MultiviewX dataset covers a square of 16 meters by 25 meters. The ground plane is quantized into a 640x1000 grid. There are 6 cameras with overlapping field-of-view in the MultiviewX dataset, each of which outputs a 1080x1920 resolution image. On average, 4.41 cameras are covering the same location. Source: https://github.com/hou-yz/MVDet Image Source: https://github.com/hou-yz/MVDet

ScanNet++ is a large scale dataset with 450+ 3D indoor scenes containing sub-millimeter resolution laser scans, registered 33-megapixel DSLR images, and commodity RGB-D streams from iPhone. The 3D reconstructions are annotated with long-tail and label-ambiguous semantics to benchmark semantic understanding methods, while the coupled DSLR and iPhone captures enable benchmarking of novel view synthesis methods in high-quality and commodity settings.

Collected with the Autonomoose autonomous vehicle platform, based on a modified Lincoln MKZ. Source: Canadian Adverse Driving Conditions Dataset

KAIST-Radar (K-Radar) is a novel large-scale object detection dataset and benchmark that contains 35K frames of 4D Radar tensor (4DRT) data with power measurements along the Doppler, range, azimuth, and elevation dimensions, together with carefully annotated 3D bounding box labels of objects on the roads. K-Radar includes challenging driving conditions such as adverse weathers (fog, rain, and snow) on various road structures (urban, suburban roads, alleyways, and highways). In addition to the 4DRT, we provide auxiliary measurements from carefully calibrated high-resolution Lidars, surround stereo cameras, and RTK-GPS.

We introduce an object detection dataset in challenging adverse weather conditions covering 12000 samples in real-world driving scenes and 1500 samples in controlled weather conditions within a fog chamber. The dataset includes different weather conditions like fog, snow, and rain and was acquired by over 10,000 km of driving in northern Europe. The driven route with cities along the road is shown on the right. In total, 100k Objekts were labeled with accurate 2D and 3D bounding boxes. The main contributions of this dataset are: - We provide a proving ground for a broad range of algorithms covering signal enhancement, domain adaptation, object detection, or multi-modal sensor fusion, focusing on the learning of robust redundancies between sensors, especially if they fail asymmetrically in different weather conditions. - The dataset was created with the initial intention to showcase methods, which learn of robust redundancies between the sensor and enable a raw data sensor fusion in case of asymmetric sensor failure induced through adverse weather effects. - In our case we departed from proposal level fusion and applied an adaptive fusion driven by measurement entropy enabling the detection also in case of unknown adverse weather effects. This method outperforms other reference fusion methods, which even drop in below single image methods. - Please check out our paper for more information.

The View-of-Delft (VoD) dataset is a novel automotive dataset containing 8600 frames of synchronized and calibrated 64-layer LiDAR-, (stereo) camera-, and 3+1D radar-data acquired in complex, urban traffic. It consists of more than 123000 3D bounding box annotations, including more than 26000 pedestrian, 10000 cyclist and 26000 car labels.

Detecting vehicles and representing their position and orientation in the three dimensional space is a key technology for autonomous driving. Recently, methods for 3D vehicle detection solely based on monocular RGB images gained popularity. In order to facilitate this task as well as to compare and drive state-of-the-art methods, several new datasets and benchmarks have been published. Ground truth annotations of vehicles are usually obtained using lidar point clouds, which often induces errors due to imperfect calibration or synchronization between both sensors. To this end, we propose Cityscapes 3D, extending the original Cityscapes dataset with 3D bounding box annotations for all types of vehicles. In contrast to existing datasets, our 3D annotations were labeled using stereo RGB images only and capture all nine degrees of freedom. This leads to a pixel-accurate reprojection in the RGB image and a higher range of annotations compared to lidar-based approaches. In order to ease multitask learning, we provide a pairing of 2D instance segments with 3D bounding boxes. In addition, we complement the Cityscapes benchmark suite with 3D vehicle detection based on the new annotations as well as metrics presented in this work. Dataset and benchmark are available online.

Consists of over 50,000 frames and includes high-definition images with full resolution depth information, semantic segmentation (images), point-wise segmentation (point clouds), and detailed annotations for all vehicles and people. Source: Precise Synthetic Image and LiDAR (PreSIL) Dataset for Autonomous Vehicle Perception