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Sharpness-Aware Minimization, or SAM, is a procedure that improves model generalization by simultaneously minimizing loss value and loss sharpness. SAM functions by seeking parameters that lie in neighborhoods having uniformly low loss value (rather than parameters that only themselves have low loss value).

Co-Correcting is a noise-tolerant deep learning framework for medical image classification based on mutual learning and annotation correction. It consists of three modules: the dual-network architecture, the curriculum learning module, and the label correction module.

Label Quality Model is an intermediate supervised task aimed at predicting the clean labels from noisy labels by leveraging rater features and a paired subset for supervision. The LQM technique assumes the existence of rater features and a subset of training data with both noisy and clean labels, which we call paired-subset. In real world scenarios, some level of label noise may be unavoidable. The LQM approach still works as long as the clean(er) label is less noisy than a label from a rater that is randomly selected from the pool, e.g., clean labels can be from either expert raters or aggregation of multiple raters. LQM is trained on the paired-subset using rater features and noisy label as input, and inferred on the entire training corpus. The output of LQM is used during model training as a more accurate alternative to the noisy labels.