Facial Landmark Detection

The 300-W is a face dataset that consists of 300 Indoor and 300 Outdoor in-the-wild images. It covers a large variation of identity, expression, illumination conditions, pose, occlusion and face size. The images were downloaded from google.com by making queries such as “party”, “conference”, “protests”, “football” and “celebrities”. Compared to the rest of in-the-wild datasets, the 300-W database contains a larger percentage of partially-occluded images and covers more expressions than the common “neutral” or “smile”, such as “surprise” or “scream”. Images were annotated with the 68-point mark-up using a semi-automatic methodology. The images of the database were carefully selected so that they represent a characteristic sample of challenging but natural face instances under totally unconstrained conditions. Thus, methods that achieve accurate performance on the 300-W database can demonstrate the same accuracy in most realistic cases. Many images of the database contain more than one annotated faces (293 images with 1 face, 53 images with 2 faces and 53 images with [3, 7] faces). Consequently, the database consists of 600 annotated face instances, but 399 unique images. Finally, there is a large variety of face sizes. Specifically, 49.3% of the faces have size in the range [48.6k, 2.0M] and the overall mean size is 85k (about 292 × 292) pixels. Source: https://ibug.doc.ic.ac.uk/media/uploads/documents/sagonas_2016_imavis.pdf Image Source: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Xuanyi_Dong/publication/323722412/figure/fig1/AS:679426136227845@1538999222829/Face-samples-from-300-W-dataset-Different-faces-have-different-styles-whereas-the-style_Q640.jpg

The HELEN dataset is composed of 2330 face images of 400×400 pixels with labeled facial components generated through manually-annotated contours along eyes, eyebrows, nose, lips and jawline. Source: Face Parsing via a Fully-Convolutional Continuous CRF Neural Network Image Source: http://www.ifp.illinois.edu/~vuongle2/helen/

The Annotated Facial Landmarks in the Wild (AFLW) is a large-scale collection of annotated face images gathered from Flickr, exhibiting a large variety in appearance (e.g., pose, expression, ethnicity, age, gender) as well as general imaging and environmental conditions. In total about 25K faces are annotated with up to 21 landmarks per image. Source: Nose, Eyes and Ears: Head Pose Estimation by Locating Facial Keypoints

AFW (Annotated Faces in the Wild) is a face detection dataset that contains 205 images with 468 faces. Each face image is labeled with at most 6 landmarks with visibility labels, as well as a bounding box. Source: Face detection, pose estimation, and landmark localization in the wild

The Labeled Face Parts in-the-Wild (LFPW) consists of 1,432 faces from images downloaded from the web using simple text queries on sites such as google.com, flickr.com, and yahoo.com. Each image was labeled by three MTurk workers, and 29 fiducial points, shown below, are included in dataset. Source: https://neerajkumar.org/databases/lfpw/ Image Source: https://neerajkumar.org/databases/lfpw/

AFLW2000-3D is a dataset of 2000 images that have been annotated with image-level 68-point 3D facial landmarks. This dataset is used for evaluation of 3D facial landmark detection models. The head poses are very diverse and often hard to be detected by a CNN-based face detector. Source: https://www.tensorflow.org/datasets/catalog/aflw2k3d Image Source: http://www.cbsr.ia.ac.cn/users/xiangyuzhu/projects/3DDFA/main.htm

The Caltech Occluded Faces in the Wild (COFW) dataset is designed to present faces in real-world conditions. Faces show large variations in shape and occlusions due to differences in pose, expression, use of accessories such as sunglasses and hats and interactions with objects (e.g. food, hands, microphones, etc.). All images were hand annotated using the same 29 landmarks as in LFPW. Both the landmark positions as well as their occluded/unoccluded state were annotated. The faces are occluded to different degrees, with large variations in the type of occlusions encountered. COFW has an average occlusion of over 23. Source: http://www.vision.caltech.edu/xpburgos/ICCV13/#dataset Image Source: http://www.vision.caltech.edu/xpburgos/ICCV13/#dataset

The Wider Facial Landmarks in the Wild or WFLW database contains 10000 faces (7500 for training and 2500 for testing) with 98 annotated landmarks. This database also features rich attribute annotations in terms of occlusion, head pose, make-up, illumination, blur and expressions. Source: Deep Entwined Learning Head Pose and Face Alignment Inside an Attentional Cascade with Doubly-Conditional fusion Image Source: https://wywu.github.io/projects/LAB/WFLW.html

The MAFL dataset contains manually annotated facial landmark locations for 19,000 training and 1,000 test images. Source: Deforming Autoencoders: Unsupervised Disentangling of Shape and Appearance Image Source: http://mmlab.ie.cuhk.edu.hk/projects/TCDCN.html

COCO-WholeBody is an extension of COCO dataset with whole-body annotations. There are 4 types of bounding boxes (person box, face box, left-hand box, and right-hand box) and 133 keypoints (17 for body, 6 for feet, 68 for face and 42 for hands) annotations for each person in the image. Source: Whole-Body Human Pose Estimation in the Wild Image source: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.11858v1.pdf

3DFAW contains 23k images with 66 3D face keypoint annotations. Source: Unsupervised Learning of Probably Symmetric Deformable 3D Objects from Images in the Wild Image Source: http://mhug.disi.unitn.it/workshop/3dfaw/

Human3.6M 3D WholeBody (H3WB) is a large scale dataset with 133 whole-body keypoint annotations on 100K images, made possible by a new multi-view pipeline. It is designed for the three new tasks : i) 3D whole-body pose lifting from 2D complete whole-body pose, ii) 3D whole-body pose lifting from 2D incomplete whole-body pose, iii) 3D whole-body pose estimation from a single RGB image. Source: H3WB: Human3.6M 3D WholeBody Dataset and Benchmark Image Source: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.15692v1.pdf

300 Videos in the Wild (300-VW) is a dataset for evaluating facial landmark tracking algorithms in the wild. The dataset authors collected a large number of long facial videos recorded in the wild. Each video has duration of ~1 minute (at 25-30 fps). All frames have been annotated with regards to the same mark-up (i.e. set of facial landmarks) used in the 300 W competition as well (a total of 68 landmarks). The dataset includes 114 videos (circa 1 min each).

The Cat Facial Landmarks in the Wild (CatFLW) dataset contains 2079 images of cats' faces in various environments and conditions, annotated with 48 facial landmarks and a bounding box on the cat’s face.

CASIA-Face-Africa is a face image database which contains 38,546 images of 1,183 African subjects. Multi-spectral cameras are utilized to capture the face images under various illumination settings. Demographic attributes and facial expressions of the subjects are also carefully recorded. For landmark detection, each face image in the database is manually labeled with 68 facial keypoints. A group of evaluation protocols are constructed according to different applications, tasks, partitions and scenarios. The proposed database along with its face landmark annotations, evaluation protocols and preliminary results form a good benchmark to study the essential aspects of face biometrics for African subjects, especially face image preprocessing, face feature analysis and matching, facial expression recognition, sex/age estimation, ethnic classification, face image generation, etc.

DAD-3DHeads dataset consists of 44,898 images collected from various sources (37,840 in the training set, 4,312 in the validation set, and 2,746 in the test set). The dataset is well-balanced over a wide range of poses, face expressions, and occlusions. The attribute labels are a valuable signal for subgroup analysis and for generalisation to in-the-wild deployment conditions.

Urban is one of the most widely used hyperspectral data used in the hyperspectral unmixing study. There are 307x307 pixels, each of which corresponds to a 2x2 m2 area. In this image, there are 210 wavelengths ranging from 400 nm to 2500 nm, resulting in a spectral resolution of 10 nm. After the channels 1-4, 76, 87, 101-111, 136-153 and 198-210 are removed (due to dense water vapor and atmospheric effects), we remain 162 channels (this is a common preprocess for hyperspectral unmixing analyses). There are three versions of ground truth, which contain 4, 5 and 6 endmembers respectively, which are introduced in the ground truth. Linda S. Kalman and Edward M. Bassett III "Classification and material identification in an urban environment using HYDICE hyperspectral data", Proc. SPIE 3118, Imaging Spectrometry III, (31 October 1997); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.283843 Hosted at: - https://rslab.ut.ac.ir/data - http://lesun.weebly.com/hyperspectral-data-set.html - https://erdc-library.erdc.dren.mil/jspui/handle/11681/2925

Tables of the blendshapes from a group of the images of the FER2013 dataset, generated using MediaPipe library, based on the ARKit face blendshapes. with classes of the images in a separate column, describing the categories Happy, Unknown, Sad.

High-resolution thermal infrared face database with extensive manual annotations, introduced by Kopaczka et al, 2018. Useful for training algoeithms for image processing tasks as well as facial expression recognition. The full database itself, all annotations and the complete source code are freely available from the authors for research purposes at https://github.com/marcinkopaczka/thermalfaceproject. Please cite following papers for the dataset: [1] M. Kopaczka, R. Kolk and D. Merhof, "A fully annotated thermal face database and its application for thermal facial expression recognition," 2018 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), 2018, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/I2MTC.2018.8409768. [2] Kopaczka, M., Kolk, R., Schock, J., Burkhard, F., & Merhof, D. (2018). A thermal infrared face database with facial landmarks and emotion labels. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 68(5), 1389-1401.

Facial landmark detection is a cornerstone in many facial analysis tasks such as face recognition, drowsiness detection, and facial expression recognition. Numerous methodologies were introduced to achieve accurate and efficient facial landmark localization in visual images. However, there are only several works that address facial landmark detection in thermal images. The main challenge is the limited number of annotated datasets. In this work, we present a thermal face dataset with annotated face bounding boxes and facial landmarks. The dataset contains 2,556 thermal images of 142 individuals, where each thermal image is paired with the corresponding visual image. To the best of our knowledge, our dataset is the largest in terms of the number of individuals. In addition, our dataset can be employed for tasks such as thermal-to-visual image translation, thermal-visual face recognition, and others. We trained two models for the facial landmark detection task to show the efficacy of our dataset. The first model is a classic machine learning model based on an ensemble of regression trees. The second model is a deep learning model based on the U-net architecture. The dataset, annotations, source code, and pre-trained models are publicly available to advance research in thermal face analysis.

Face detection and subsequent localization of facial landmarks are the primary steps in many face applications. Numerous algorithms and benchmark datasets have been introduced to develop robust models for the visible domain. However, varying conditions of illumination still pose challenging problems. In this regard, thermal cameras are employed to address this problem, because they operate on longer wavelengths. However, thermal face and facial landmark detection in the wild is an open research problem because most of the existing thermal datasets were collected in controlled environments. In addition, many of them were not annotated with face bounding boxes and facial landmarks. In this work, we present a thermal face dataset with manually labeled bounding boxes and facial landmarks to address these problems. The dataset contains 9,982 images of 147 subjects collected under controlled and uncontrolled conditions. As a baseline, we trained the YOLOv5 object detection model and its adaptation for face detection, YOLO5Face, on our dataset. In addition to our test set, we evaluated the models on the external RWTH-Aachen thermal face dataset to show the efficacy of our dataset. We have made the dataset, source code, and pre-trained models publicly available at https://github.com/IS2AI/TFW to bolster research in thermal face analysis.

Toronto NeuroFace Dataset: A New Dataset for Facial Motion Analysis in Individuals with Neurological Disorders Toronto NeuroFace Dataset is a public dataset with videos of oro-facial gestures performed by individuals with oro-facial impairment due to neurological disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and stroke. Perceptual clinical scores from trained clinicians are provided as metadata. Manual annotation of facial landmarks is also provided for a subset of over 3300 frames.