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Sentiment Analysis

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Sentiment Analysis is the task of classifying the polarity of a given text. For instance, a text-based tweet can be categorized into either "positive", "negative", or "neutral". Given the text and accompanying labels, a model can be trained to predict the correct sentiment.

Sentiment Analysis techniques can be categorized into machine learning approaches, lexicon-based approaches, and even hybrid methods. Some subcategories of research in sentiment analysis include: multimodal sentiment analysis, aspect-based sentiment analysis, fine-grained opinion analysis, language specific sentiment analysis.

More recently, deep learning techniques, such as RoBERTa and T5, are used to train high-performing sentiment classifiers that are evaluated using metrics like F1, recall, and precision. To evaluate sentiment analysis systems, benchmark datasets like SST, GLUE, and IMDB movie reviews are used.

Further readings:

데이터셋

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SST

The Stanford Sentiment Treebank is a corpus with fully labeled parse trees that allows for a complete analysis of the compositional effects of sentiment in language. The corpus is based on the dataset introduced by Pang and Lee (2005) and consists of 11,855 single sentences extracted from movie reviews. It was parsed with the Stanford parser and includes a total of 215,154 unique phrases from those parse trees, each annotated by 3 human judges. Each phrase is labelled as either negative, somewhat negative, neutral, somewhat positive or positive. The corpus with all 5 labels is referred to as SST-5 or SST fine-grained. Binary classification experiments on full sentences (negative or somewhat negative vs somewhat positive or positive with neutral sentences discarded) refer to the dataset as SST-2 or SST binary.

SST-2

The Stanford Sentiment Treebank is a corpus with fully labeled parse trees that allows for a complete analysis of the compositional effects of sentiment in language. The corpus is based on the dataset introduced by Pang and Lee (2005) and consists of 11,855 single sentences extracted from movie reviews. It was parsed with the Stanford parser and includes a total of 215,154 unique phrases from those parse trees, each annotated by 3 human judges. Binary classification experiments on full sentences (negative or somewhat negative vs somewhat positive or positive with neutral sentences discarded) refer to the dataset as SST-2 or SST binary.

IMDb Movie Reviews

The IMDb Movie Reviews dataset is a binary sentiment analysis dataset consisting of 50,000 reviews from the Internet Movie Database (IMDb) labeled as positive or negative. The dataset contains an even number of positive and negative reviews. Only highly polarizing reviews are considered. A negative review has a score ≤ 4 out of 10, and a positive review has a score ≥ 7 out of 10. No more than 30 reviews are included per movie. The dataset contains additional unlabeled data. Source: http://nlpprogress.com/english/sentiment_analysis.html Image Source: Maas et al

SST-5

The SST-5, also known as the Stanford Sentiment Treebank with 5 labels, is a dataset used for sentiment analysis. The SST-5 dataset consists of 11,855 single sentences extracted from movie reviews¹. It includes a total of 215,154 unique phrases from parse trees, each annotated by 3 human judges¹. Each phrase is labeled as either negative, somewhat negative, neutral, somewhat positive, or positive. This is why it's referred to as SST-5 or SST fine-grained.

CMU-MOSEI

CMU Multimodal Opinion Sentiment and Emotion Intensity (CMU-MOSEI) is the largest dataset of sentence-level sentiment analysis and emotion recognition in online videos. CMU-MOSEI contains over 12 hours of annotated video from over 1000 speakers and 250 topics.

SemEval-2014 Task-4

Sentiment analysis is increasingly viewed as a vital task both from an academic and a commercial standpoint. The majority of current approaches, however, attempt to detect the overall polarity of a sentence, paragraph, or text span, regardless of the entities mentioned (e.g., laptops, restaurants) and their aspects (e.g., battery, screen; food, service). By contrast, this task is concerned with aspect based sentiment analysis (ABSA), where the goal is to identify the aspects of given target entities and the sentiment expressed towards each aspect. Datasets consisting of customer reviews with human-authored annotations identifying the mentioned aspects of the target entities and the sentiment polarity of each aspect will be provided. Subtask 2: Aspect term polarity For a given set of aspect terms within a sentence, determine whether the polarity of each aspect term is positive, negative, neutral or conflict (i.e., both positive and negative). For example: “I loved their fajitas” → {fajitas: positive} “I hated their fajitas, but their salads were great” → {fajitas: negative, salads: positive} “The fajitas are their first plate” → {fajitas: neutral} “The fajitas were great to taste, but not to see” → {fajitas: conflict}

ReDial

ReDial (Recommendation Dialogues) is an annotated dataset of dialogues, where users recommend movies to each other. The dataset consists of over 10,000 conversations centered around the theme of providing movie recommendations. Source: Towards Deep Conversational Recommendations

Yelp

The Yelp Dataset is a valuable resource for academic research, teaching, and learning. It provides a rich collection of real-world data related to businesses, reviews, and user interactions. Here are the key details about the Yelp Dataset: Reviews: A whopping 6,990,280 reviews from users. Businesses: Information on 150,346 businesses. Pictures: A collection of 200,100 pictures. Metropolitan Areas: Data from 11 metropolitan areas. Tips: Over 908,915 tips provided by 1,987,897 users. Business Attributes: Details like hours, parking availability, and ambiance for more than 1.2 million businesses. Aggregated Check-ins: Historical check-in data for each of the 131,930 businesses.

TweetEval

TweetEval introduces an evaluation framework consisting of seven heterogeneous Twitter-specific classification tasks. Source: TweetEval: Unified Benchmark and Comparative Evaluation for Tweet Classification Image Source: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.12421v2.pdf

Multimodal Opinionlevel Sentiment Intensity

Multimodal Opinionlevel Sentiment Intensity (MOSI) contains: (1) multimodal observations including transcribed speech and visual gestures as well as automatic audio and visual features, (2) opinion-level subjectivity segmentation, (3) sentiment intensity annotations with high coder agreement, and (4) alignment between words, visual and acoustic features. Source: Zadeh et al Image source: Zadeh et al

ASTE

Target-based sentiment analysis or aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) refers to addressing various sentiment analysis tasks at a fine-grained level, which includes but is not limited to aspect extraction, aspect sentiment classification, and opinion extraction. There exist many solvers of the above individual subtasks or a combination of two subtasks, and they can work together to tell a complete story, i.e. the discussed aspect, the sentiment on it, and the cause of the sentiment. However, no previous ABSA research tried to provide a complete solution in one shot. In this paper, we introduce a new subtask under ABSA, named aspect sentiment triplet extraction (ASTE). Particularly, a solver of this task needs to extract triplets (What, How, Why) from the inputs, which show WHAT the targeted aspects are, HOW their sentiment polarities are and WHY they have such polarities (i.e. opinion reasons). For instance, one triplet from “Waiters are very friendly and the pasta is simply average” could be (‘Waiters’, positive, ‘friendly’). We propose a two-stage framework to address this task. The first stage predicts what, how and why in a unified model, and then the second stage pairs up the predicted what (how) and why from the first stage to output triplets. In the experiments, our framework has set a benchmark performance in this novel triplet extraction task. Meanwhile, it outperforms a few strong baselines adapted from state-of-the-art related methods.

Multi-Domain Sentiment

The Multi-Domain Sentiment Dataset contains product reviews taken from Amazon.com from many product types (domains). Some domains (books and dvds) have hundreds of thousands of reviews. Others (musical instruments) have only a few hundred. Reviews contain star ratings (1 to 5 stars) that can be converted into binary labels if needed. Source: Multi-Domain Sentiment Dataset (version 2.0)

MAMS

MAMS is a challenge dataset for aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA), in which each sentences contain at least two aspects with different sentiment polarities. MAMS dataset contains two versions: one for aspect-term sentiment analysis (ATSA) and one for aspect-category sentiment analysis (ACSA). Source: MAMS

ASTD

Arabic Sentiment Tweets Dataset (ASTD) is an Arabic social sentiment analysis dataset gathered from Twitter. It consists of about 10,000 tweets which are classified as objective, subjective positive, subjective negative, and subjective mixed. Source: ASTD: Arabic Sentiment Tweets Dataset

SemEval-2013 Task-2

The SemEval-2013 Task 2 dataset contains data for two subtasks: A, an expression-level subtask, and B, a message-level subtask. Crowdsourcing was used to label a large Twitter training dataset along with additional test sets of Twitter and SMS messages for both subtasks.

MR

MR Movie Reviews is a dataset for use in sentiment-analysis experiments. Available are collections of movie-review documents labeled with respect to their overall sentiment polarity (positive or negative) or subjective rating (e.g., "two and a half stars") and sentences labeled with respect to their subjectivity status (subjective or objective) or polarity. Source: http://www.cs.cornell.edu/people/pabo/movie-review-data/ Image Source: https://storage.googleapis.com/kaggle-competitions/kaggle/3810/media/treebank.png

SentiMix

Sentiment analysis of codemixed tweets.

ASTE-Data-V2

A benchmark dataset for the Aspect Sentiment Triplet Extraction, an updated version of ASTE-Data-V1.

SLUE

Spoken Language Understanding Evaluation (SLUE) is a suite of benchmark tasks for spoken language understanding evaluation. It consists of limited-size labeled training sets and corresponding evaluation sets. This resource would allow the research community to track progress, evaluate pre-trained representations for higher-level tasks, and study open questions such as the utility of pipeline versus end-to-end approaches. The first phase of the SLUE benchmark suite consists of named entity recognition (NER), sentiment analysis (SA), and ASR on the corresponding datasets. Corpus includes: - SLUE-VoxPopuli: consists of ASR and NER tasks - CC0 license - SLUE-VoxCeleb: consists of ASR and SA tasks - CCBY 4.0 license

DAiSEE

DAiSEE is a multi-label video classification dataset comprising of 9,068 video snippets captured from 112 users for recognizing the user affective states of boredom, confusion, engagement, and frustration "in the wild". The dataset has four levels of labels namely - very low, low, high, and very high for each of the affective states, which are crowd annotated and correlated with a gold standard annotation created using a team of expert psychologists. Source: DAiSEE: Towards User Engagement Recognition in the Wild

iSarcasm

iSarcasm is a dataset of tweets, each labelled as either sarcastic or non_sarcastic. Each sarcastic tweet is further labelled for one of the following types of ironic speech: - sarcasm: tweets that contradict the state of affairs and are critical towards an addressee; - irony: tweets that contradict the state of affairs but are not obviously critical towards an addressee; - satire: tweets that appear to support an addressee, but contain underlying disagreement and mocking; - understatement: tweets that undermine the importance of the state of affairs they refer to; - overstatement: tweets that describe the state of affairs in obviously exaggerated terms; - rhetorical question: tweets that include a question whose invited inference (implicature) is obviously contradicting the state of affairs. For each sarastic tweet, there's also: - an explanation, in English sentences, as to why it is sarcastic, and - a rephrase that conveys the same meaning non-sarcastically. Both have been provided by the author of the tweet. iSarcasm contains 4,484 tweets, out of which 777 are labelled as sarcastic and 3,707 as non-sarcastic. You'll find two files, isarcasm_train.csv and isarcasm_test.csv, each containing 80% and 20% of the examples chosen at random, respectively. Each line in a file has the format tweet_id,sarcasm_label,sarcasm_type, where sarcasm_type are only defined for sarcastic tweets, as specified above. Source: iSarcasm

NoReC

The Norwegian Review Corpus (NoReC) was created for the purpose of training and evaluating models for document-level sentiment analysis. More than 43,000 full-text reviews have been collected from major Norwegian news sources and cover a range of different domains, including literature, movies, video games, restaurants, music and theater, in addition to product reviews across a range of categories. Each review is labeled with a manually assigned score of 1–6, as provided by the rating of the original author. Source: NoReC: The Norwegian Review Corpus

CMU-MOSI

The Multimodal Corpus of Sentiment Intensity (CMU-MOSI) dataset is a collection of 2199 opinion video clips. Each opinion video is annotated with sentiment in the range [-3,3]. The dataset is rigorously annotated with labels for subjectivity, sentiment intensity, per-frame and per-opinion annotated visual features, and per-milliseconds annotated audio features.

DynaSent

DynaSent is an English-language benchmark task for ternary (positive/negative/neutral) sentiment analysis. DynaSent combines naturally occurring sentences with sentences created using the open-source Dynabench Platform, which facilities human-and-model-in-the-loop dataset creation. DynaSent has a total of 121,634 sentences, each validated by five crowdworkers. Source: DynaSent: A Dynamic Benchmark for Sentiment Analysis

IndicGLUE

We now introduce IndicGLUE, the Indic General Language Understanding Evaluation Benchmark, which is a collection of various NLP tasks as de- scribed below. The goal is to provide an evaluation benchmark for natural language understanding ca- pabilities of NLP models on diverse tasks and mul- tiple Indian languages.

ArSarcasm-v2

ArSarcasm-v2 is an extension of the original ArSarcasm dataset published along with the paper From Arabic Sentiment Analysis to Sarcasm Detection: The ArSarcasm Dataset. ArSarcasm-v2 conisists of ArSarcasm along with portions of DAICT corpus and some new tweets. Each tweet was annotated for sarcasm, sentiment and dialect. The final dataset consists of 15,548 tweets divided into 12,548 training tweets and 3,000 testing tweets. ArSarcasm-v2 was used and released as a part of the shared task on sarcasm detection and sentiment analysis in Arabic.

ArSarcasm

ArSarcasm is a new Arabic sarcasm detection dataset. The dataset was created using previously available Arabic sentiment analysis datasets (SemEval 2017 and ASTD) and adds sarcasm and dialect labels to them. The dataset contains 10,547 tweets, 1,682 (16%) of which are sarcastic.

SentNoB

Social Media User Sentiment Analysis Dataset. Each user comments are labeled with either positive (1), negative (2), or neutral (0).

ACOS

Most of the aspect based sentiment analysis research aims at identifying the sentiment polarities toward some explicit aspect terms while ignores implicit aspects in text. To capture both explicit and implicit aspects, we focus on aspect-category based sentiment analysis, which involves joint aspect category detection and category-oriented sentiment classification. However, currently only a few simple studies have focused on this problem. The shortcomings in the way they defined the task make their approaches difficult to effectively learn the inner-relations between categories and the inter-relations between categories and sentiments. In this work, we re-formalize the task as a category-sentiment hierarchy prediction problem, which contains a hierarchy output structure to first identify multiple aspect categories in a piece of text, and then predict the sentiment for each of the identified categories. Specifically, we propose a Hierarchical Graph Convolutional Network (Hier-GCN), where a lower-level GCN is to model the inner-relations among multiple categories, and the higher-level GCN is to capture the inter-relations between aspect categories and sentiments. Extensive evaluations demonstrate that our hierarchy output structure is superior over existing ones, and the Hier-GCN model can consistently achieve the best results on four benchmarks.

ASC (TIL, 19 tasks)

A set of 19 ASC datasets (reviews of 19 products) producing a sequence of 19 tasks. Each dataset represents a task. The datasets are from 4 sources: (1) HL5Domains (Hu and Liu, 2004) with reviews of 5 products; (2) Liu3Domains (Liu et al., 2015) with reviews of 3 products; (3) Ding9Domains (Ding et al., 2008) with reviews of 9 products; and (4) SemEval14 with reviews of 2 products - SemEval 2014 Task 4 for laptop and restaurant. For (1), (2) and (3), we split about 10% of the original data as the validate data, another about 10% of the original data as the testing data. For (4), We use 150 examples from the training set for validation. To be consistent with existing research(Tang et al., 2016), examples belonging to the conflicting polarity (both positive and negative sentiments are expressed about an aspect term) are not used. Statistics and details of the 19 datasets are given on Page https://github.com/ZixuanKe/PyContinual.

ASQP

Aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) typically focuses on extracting aspects and predicting their sentiments on individual sentences such as customer reviews. Recently, another kind of opinion sharing platform, namely question answering (QA) forum, has received increasing popularity, which accumulates a large number of user opinions towards various aspects. This motivates us to investigate the task of ABSA on QA forums (ABSA-QA), aiming to jointly detect the discussed aspects and their sentiment polarities for a given QA pair. Unlike review sentences, a QA pair is composed of two parallel sentences, which requires interaction modeling to align the aspect mentioned in the question and the associated opinion clues in the answer. To this end, we propose a model with a specific design of cross-sentence aspect-opinion interaction modeling to address this task. The proposed method is evaluated on three real-world datasets and the results show that our model outperforms several strong baselines adopted from related state-of-the-art models.

Perspectrum

Perspectrum is a dataset of claims, perspectives and evidence, making use of online debate websites to create the initial data collection, and augmenting it using search engines in order to expand and diversify the dataset. Crowd-sourcing was used to filter out noise and ensure high-quality data. The dataset contains 1k claims, accompanied with pools of 10k and 8k perspective sentences and evidence paragraphs, respectively. Source: Seeing Things from a Different Angle: Discovering Diverse Perspectives about Claims

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