Agent-Guided Discovery of Exchange-Correlation Functionals with Physics-based Validation

원문 초록

Accurate, compact exchange--correlation functionals are central to predictive density functional theory. Symbolic search and language-model agents can propose new functional forms, but it remains unclear whether their gains survive self-consistency and external evaluation, whether the new terms carry physical content, whether agents outperform evolutionary search, and how language-model backbones compare. We connect frontier LLM agents to a GPU evaluator through the Model Context Protocol, with training-only fitting, persistent memory, and self-consistent and external evaluation. Opus-5.5 agents passed the screening gate with about 40-fold fewer tokens than Codex (GPT-6-Astra) agents and found a candidate with lower validation and held-out errors; only this candidate advanced to self-consistent evaluation. The resulting 13-parameter functional, O159, multiplies same-spin correlation by a smooth density window. Refitted controls favor a window that scales the entire same-spin factor, reducing it by 15--30\% at its peak, and that acts on reaction energies mainly in near-iso-orbital regions; against a refitted no-window control, it lowers heavy-atom total-energy errors on GSCDB137 by 29\%. With about 400 fits each, SyFES evolution did not improve on its GAS22 seed, whereas the agents found forms 0.10--0.13 \kcal\ lower in validation error by adding an explicit density scale. Self-consistent O159 lowers the held-out MGCDB84 test error of $\omega$B97M-V by 11.7\%, and its mean normalized error ratio on 36 GSCDB137 datasets (1.139) is comparable to $\omega$B97M-V (1.144) and below GAS22 (1.190). Frontier-LLM agents thus produced O159, a compact functional whose improvement over $\omega$B97M-V survives self-consistent, physics-based validation.