MambaLoc: Lightweight Indoor Localization Using Cross-Modal Knowledge Distillation

원문 초록

Accurate indoor localization on resource-constrained edge devices remains challenging due to the tension between modeling fidelity and computational efficiency. Wi-Fi Channel State Information (CSI) enables low-cost deployment using existing Wi-Fi infrastructure but is heavily distorted by multipath propagation. Transformer-based solutions mitigate these effects but their quadratic complexity limits real-time edge deployment. Ultra-Wideband (UWB) provides geometrically precise ranging yet requires dedicated infrastructure. We present MambaLoc, a cross-modal distillation framework that improves the accuracy-efficiency balance in CSI-based localization. MambaLoc uses a linear-time Selective State Space Model (Mamba) as a lightweight CSI student, guided during training by a UWB-Transformer teacher. A Feature Alignment Module bridges the representational gap between heterogeneous RF modalities, allowing the CSI model to inherit UWB-derived geometric structure without UWB hardware at inference. A probabilistic Gaussian Mixture regression head models multi-modal spatial ambiguity from multipath effects, avoiding the physically implausible averaging of deterministic regression. Evaluations on a real-world dataset show MambaLoc achieves a median localization error of 0.230 m, reducing error by 22.2% over a standalone Mamba baseline, while requiring 65.1% fewer FLOPs and 58% lower inference latency than Transformer-based approaches.