PreForceVision: Physics-Guided Optical Estimation of Bolt Preload from Bolt-Head Deformation

원문 초록

Bolt preload is a decisive functional quantity in bolted joints because it determines whether external loads are transmitted primarily through frictional clamping or directly through the bolt. Existing preload measurement techniques, including strain-gauge bolts, force washers, ultrasonic methods, and bolt-length measurements, are effective in certain applications but require additional hardware, coupling, calibration, or joint modifications. This limits their scalability for large numbers of standard fasteners and motivates a non-contact optical approach. This paper proposes PreForceVision, a physics-guided optical framework for estimating bolt preload from preload-induced surface deformation of the bolt-head front face. The method treats preload estimation as an inverse deformation-to-force problem, where deformation of the optically accessible bolt-head surface is extracted from reference-loaded image pairs and related to the internal preload state. Preliminary results for an M16 strength class 8.8 bolt show an approximately \SI{12}{\micro\meter} simulated head-face depression at \SI{90}{\kilo\newton}, strain-gauge measurements of comparable magnitude, and an optical 3D measured central depression of approximately \SIrange{10}{20}{\micro\meter}. The contribution is a physics-guided optical methodology combining controlled image-pair acquisition, DIC- or optical-flow-based deformation extraction, multimodal validation, and uncertainty-aware regression for rough preload estimation under controlled conditions.