Counterexample-driven autonomous research with application to excess radiated energy in a Z-pinch

원문 초록

Recent breakthroughs in artificial-intelligence-assisted mathematics show that open-ended machine search can outperform human mathematicians, yet transferring this paradigm to physics requires refactoring the research workflow. We introduce Simjecture, an open-source framework in which language-model agents pursue human-defined physical conjectures. The framework tackles two central challenges in this transfer: first, because physics is empirical and no model is final, it structures inquiry around counterexample-driven falsification and prospective hypothesis repair; second, because physical theories must interact with the real world, it uses computational physics as an executable testbed while separating the qualification of numerical instruments from scientific claim review so solvers and diagnostics can be adapted within a recorded investigation. We apply the framework in a 136.3 h investigation to tackle the long-standing problem of radiated energy exceeding the imploding-shell kinetic energy in a Z-pinch. The investigation reveals competing effects of energy conversion, retention, and release timing. Stronger coherent helical deformation increases resistive conversion while reducing radiation and increasing retained energy. In a matched fine-grid test, broadening the trailing-plasma profile delays the later radiation maximum by 1.80 ns and recovers an early 153 J bolometric deficit to within 0.08% by 44 ns, with a spectral response that shifts during the pulse. These results provide new insight into energy conversion in high-energy-density plasma physics and demonstrate a new paradigm for physics research.