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Text Generation

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Text Generation is the task of generating text with the goal of appearing indistinguishable to human-written text. This task is more formally known as "natural language generation" in the literature.

Text generation can be addressed with Markov processes or deep generative models like LSTMs. Recently, some of the most advanced methods for text generation include BART, GPT and other GAN-based approaches. Text generation systems are evaluated either through human ratings or automatic evaluation metrics like METEOR, ROUGE, and BLEU.

Further readings:

<span style="color:grey; opacity: 0.6">( Image credit: Adversarial Ranking for Language Generation )</span>

데이터셋

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AlpacaEval

The AlpacaEval set contains 805 instructions form self-instruct, open-assistant, vicuna, koala, hh-rlhf. Those were selected so that the AlpacaEval ranking of models on the AlpacaEval set would be similar to the ranking on the Alpaca demo data.

LogiQA

LogiQA consists of 8,678 QA instances, covering multiple types of deductive reasoning. Results show that state-of-the-art neural models perform by far worse than human ceiling. The dataset can also serve as a benchmark for reinvestigating logical AI under the deep learning NLP setting. Source: LogiQA: A Challenge Dataset for Machine Reading Comprehension with Logical Reasoning Image Source: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.08124v1.pdf

CommonGen

CommonGen is constructed through a combination of crowdsourced and existing caption corpora, consists of 79k commonsense descriptions over 35k unique concept-sets. Source: CommonGen: A Constrained Text Generation Challenge for Generative Commonsense Reasoning

VIST

The Visual Storytelling Dataset (VIST) consists of 210,819 unique photos and 50,000 stories. The images were collected from albums on Flickr. The albums included 10 to 50 images and all the images in an album are taken in a 48-hour span. The stories were created by workers on Amazon Mechanical Turk, where the workers were instructed to choose five images from the album and write a story about them. Every story has five sentences, and every sentence is paired with its appropriate image. The dataset is split into 3 subsets, a training set (80%), a validation set (10%) and a test set (10%). All the words and interpunction signs in the stories are separated by a space character and all the location names are replaced with the word location. All the names of people are replaced with the words male or female depending on the gender of the person. Source: Stories for Images-in-Sequence by using Visual and Narrative Components This research was partially funded by Pendulibrium and the Faculty of computer science and engineering, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje. Image Source: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1604.03968.pdf

ReDial

ReDial (Recommendation Dialogues) is an annotated dataset of dialogues, where users recommend movies to each other. The dataset consists of over 10,000 conversations centered around the theme of providing movie recommendations. Source: Towards Deep Conversational Recommendations

GYAFC

Grammarly’s Yahoo Answers Formality Corpus (GYAFC) is the largest dataset for any style containing a total of 110K informal / formal sentence pairs. Yahoo Answers is a question answering forum, contains a large number of informal sentences and allows redistribution of data. The authors used the Yahoo Answers L6 corpus to create the GYAFC dataset of informal and formal sentence pairs. In order to ensure a uniform distribution of data, they removed sentences that are questions, contain URLs, and are shorter than 5 words or longer than 25. After these preprocessing steps, 40 million sentences remain. The Yahoo Answers corpus consists of several different domains like Business, Entertainment & Music, Travel, Food, etc. Pavlick and Tetreault formality classifier (PT16) shows that the formality level varies significantly across different genres. In order to control for this variation, the authors work with two specific domains that contain the most informal sentences and show results on training and testing within those categories. The authors use the formality classifier from PT16 to identify informal sentences and train this classifier on the Answers genre of the PT16 corpus which consists of nearly 5,000 randomly selected sentences from Yahoo Answers manually annotated on a scale of -3 (very informal) to 3 (very formal). They find that the domains of Entertainment & Music and Family & Relationships contain the most informal sentences and create the GYAFC dataset using these domains. Source: Dear Sir or Madam, May I Introduce the GYAFC Dataset: Corpus, Benchmarks and Metrics for Formality Style Transfer

E2E

End-to-End NLG Challenge (E2E) aims to assess whether recent end-to-end NLG systems can generate more complex output by learning from datasets containing higher lexical richness, syntactic complexity and diverse discourse phenomena. Source: Evaluating the State-of-the-Art of End-to-End Natural Language Generation: The E2E NLG Challenge

MSCOCO

Click to add a brief description of the dataset (Markdown and LaTeX enabled). Provide: * a high-level explanation of the dataset characteristics * explain motivations and summary of its content * potential use cases of the dataset

FLoRes-101

FLoRes-101 is an evaluation benchmark for low-resource and multilingual machine translation. It consists of 3001 sentences extracted from English Wikipedia, covering a variety of different topics and domains. These sentences have been translated into 101 languages by professional translators through a carefully controlled process. The FLoRes-101 dataset was introduced to address the lack of good evaluation benchmarks for low-resource languages. It enables better assessment of model quality in these languages and allows for the evaluation of many-to-many multilingual translation systems, as all translations are multilingually aligned.

Yelp

The Yelp Dataset is a valuable resource for academic research, teaching, and learning. It provides a rich collection of real-world data related to businesses, reviews, and user interactions. Here are the key details about the Yelp Dataset: Reviews: A whopping 6,990,280 reviews from users. Businesses: Information on 150,346 businesses. Pictures: A collection of 200,100 pictures. Metropolitan Areas: Data from 11 metropolitan areas. Tips: Over 908,915 tips provided by 1,987,897 users. Business Attributes: Details like hours, parking availability, and ambiance for more than 1.2 million businesses. Aggregated Check-ins: Historical check-in data for each of the 131,930 businesses.

WikiBio

This dataset gathers 728,321 biographies from English Wikipedia. It aims at evaluating text generation algorithms. For each article, we provide the first paragraph and the infobox (both tokenized).

RealNews

RealNews is a large corpus of news articles from Common Crawl. Data is scraped from Common Crawl, limited to the 5000 news domains indexed by Google News. The authors used the Newspaper Python library to extract the body and metadata from each article. News from Common Crawl dumps from December 2016 through March 2019 were used as training data; articles published in April 2019 from the April 2019 dump were used for evaluation. After deduplication, RealNews is 120 gigabytes without compression. Image Source: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.12616v3.pdf

VQG

VQG is a collection of datasets for visual question generation. VQG questions were collected by crowdsourcing the task on Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT). The authors provided details on the prompt and the specific instructions for all the crowdsourcing tasks in this paper in the supplementary material. The prompt was successful at capturing nonliteral questions. Images were taken from the MSCOCO dataset. Source: What BERT Sees: Cross-Modal Transfer for Visual Question Generation

RotoWire

This dataset consists of (human-written) NBA basketball game summaries aligned with their corresponding box- and line-scores. Summaries taken from rotowire.com are referred to as the "rotowire" data. There are 4853 distinct rotowire summaries, covering NBA games played between 1/1/2014 and 3/29/2017; some games have multiple summaries. The summaries have been randomly split into training, validation, and test sets consisting of 3398, 727, and 728 summaries, respectively. Source: Challenges in Data-to-Document Generation Image Source: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.08052v1.pdf

Sentence Compression

Sentence Compression is a dataset where the syntactic trees of the compressions are subtrees of their uncompressed counterparts, and hence where supervised systems which require a structural alignment between the input and output can be successfully trained. Source: Overcoming the Lack of Parallel Data in Sentence Compression

DialogSum

DialogSum is a large-scale dialogue summarization dataset, consisting of 13,460 dialogues with corresponding manually labeled summaries and topics. This work is accepted by ACL findings 2021. You may find the paper here: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.06762.pdf. If you want to use our dataset, please cite our paper. #### Dialogue Data We collect dialogue data for DialogSum from three public dialogue corpora, namely Dailydialog (Li et al., 2017), DREAM (Sun et al., 2019) and MuTual (Cui et al., 2019), as well as an English speaking practice website. These datasets contain face-to-face spoken dialogues that cover a wide range of daily-life topics, including schooling, work, medication, shopping, leisure, travel. Most conversations take place between friends, colleagues, and between service providers and customers. Compared with previous datasets, dialogues from DialogSum have distinct characteristics: * Under rich real-life scenarios, including more diverse task-oriented scenarios; * Have clear communication patterns and intents, which is valuable to serve as summarization sources; * Have a reasonable length, which comforts the purpose of automatic summarization. #### Summaries We ask annotators to summarize each dialogue based on the following criteria: * Convey the most salient information; * Be brief; * Preserve important named entities within the conversation; * Be written from an observer perspective; * Be written in formal language. #### Topics In addition to summaries, we also ask annotators to write a short topic for each dialogue, which can be potentially useful for future work, e.g. generating summaries by leveraging topic information. Image source: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.06762.pdf

TinyStories

Dataset containing synthetically generated (by GPT-3.5 and GPT-4) short stories that only use a small vocabulary.

ToTTo

ToTTo is an open-domain English table-to-text dataset with over 120,000 training examples that proposes a controlled generation task: given a Wikipedia table and a set of highlighted table cells, produce a one-sentence description. During the dataset creation process, tables from English Wikipedia are matched with (noisy) descriptions. Each table cell mentioned in the description is highlighted and the descriptions are iteratively cleaned and corrected to faithfully reflect the content of the highlighted cells. Source: Google Research Datasets

LCSTS

LCSTS is a large corpus of Chinese short text summarization dataset constructed from the Chinese microblogging website Sina Weibo, which is released to the public. This corpus consists of over 2 million real Chinese short texts with short summaries given by the author of each text. The authors also manually tagged the relevance of 10,666 short summaries with their corresponding short texts 10,666 short summaries with their corresponding short texts. Source: LCSTS: A Large Scale Chinese Short Text Summarization Dataset

OpenDialKG

OpenDialKG contains utterance from 15K human-to-human role-playing dialogs is manually annotated with ground-truth reference to corresponding entities and paths from a large-scale KG with 1M+ facts. Source: OpenDialKG: Explainable Conversational Reasoning with Attention-based Walks over Knowledge Graphs

Quora Question Pairs

Quora Question Pairs (QQP) dataset consists of over 400,000 question pairs, and each question pair is annotated with a binary value indicating whether the two questions are paraphrase of each other. Source: Bilateral Multi-Perspective Matching for Natural Language Sentences

WikiSum

WikiSum is a dataset based on English Wikipedia and suitable for a task of multi-document abstractive summarization. In each instance, the input is comprised of a Wikipedia topic (title of article) and a collection of non-Wikipedia reference documents, and the target is the Wikipedia article text. The dataset is restricted to the articles with at least one crawlable citation. The official split divides the articles roughly into 80/10/10 for train/development/test subsets, resulting in 1865750, 233252, and 232998 examples respectively. Source: Generating Wikipedia by Summarizing Long Sequences Image Source: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1801.10198.pdf

MTNT

The Machine Translation of Noisy Text (MTNT) dataset is a Machine Translation dataset that consists of noisy comments on Reddit and professionally sourced translation. The translation are between French, Japanese and French, with between 7k and 37k sentence per language pair. Source: https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.00388 Image Source: https://github.com/pmichel31415/mtnt

UDC

Ubuntu Dialogue Corpus (UDC) is a dataset containing almost 1 million multi-turn dialogues, with a total of over 7 million utterances and 100 million words. This provides a unique resource for research into building dialogue managers based on neural language models that can make use of large amounts of unlabeled data. The dataset has both the multi-turn property of conversations in the Dialog State Tracking Challenge datasets, and the unstructured nature of interactions from microblog services such as Twitter. Source: The Ubuntu Dialogue Corpus: A Large Dataset for Research in Unstructured Multi-Turn Dialogue Systems

DART

DART is a large dataset for open-domain structured data record to text generation. DART consists of 82,191 examples across different domains with each input being a semantic RDF triple set derived from data records in tables and the tree ontology of the schema, annotated with sentence descriptions that cover all facts in the triple set. Source: DART: Open-Domain Structured Data Record to Text Generation

CCMatrix

CCMatrix uses ten snapshots of a curated common crawl corpus (Wenzek et al., 2019) totalling 32.7 billion unique sentences. Source: CCMatrix: Mining Billions of High-Quality Parallel Sentences on the WEB

VitaminC

The VitaminC dataset contains more than 450,000 claim-evidence pairs for fact verification and factual consistent generation. Based on over 100,000 revisions to popular Wikipedia pages, and additional "synthetic" revisions.

Creative Writing

A creative writing task where the input is 4 random sentences and the output should be a coherent passage with 4 paragraphs that end in the 4 input sentences respectively. Such a task is open-ended and exploratory, and challenges creative thinking as well as high-level planning.

Doc2Dial

For goal-oriented document-grounded dialogs, it often involves complex contexts for identifying the most relevant information, which requires better understanding of the inter-relations between conversations and documents. Meanwhile, many online user-oriented documents use both semi-structured and unstructured contents for guiding users to access information of different contexts. Thus, we create a new goal-oriented document-grounded dialogue dataset that captures more diverse scenarios derived from various document contents from multiple domains such ssa.gov and studentaid.gov. For data collection, we propose a novel pipeline approach for dialogue data construction, which has been adapted and evaluated for several domains.

CSL

CSL is a synthetic dataset introduced in Murphy et al. (2019) to test the expressivity of GNNs. In particular, graphs are isomorphic if they have the same degree and the task is to classify non-isomorphic graphs. Source: Benchmarking Graph Neural Networks

Image Paragraph Captioning

The Image Paragraph Captioning dataset allows researchers to benchmark their progress in generating paragraphs that tell a story about an image. The dataset contains 19,561 images from the Visual Genome dataset. Each image contains one paragraph. The training/val/test sets contains 14,575/2,487/2,489 images. Since all the images are also part of the Visual Genome dataset, each image also contains 50 region descriptions (short phrases describing parts of an image), 35 objects, 26 attributes and 21 relationships and 17 question-answer pairs. Source: A Hierarchical Approach for Generating Descriptive Image Paragraphs Image Source: https://cs.stanford.edu/people/ranjaykrishna/im2p/index.html

WCEP

The WCEP dataset for multi-document summarization (MDS) consists of short, human-written summaries about news events, obtained from the Wikipedia Current Events Portal (WCEP), each paired with a cluster of news articles associated with an event. These articles consist of sources cited by editors on WCEP, and are extended with articles automatically obtained from the Common Crawl News dataset. Source: WCEP

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