2D Object Detection

Canvas Method is a method for inference attacks on object detection models. It draws a predicted bounding box distribution on an empty canvas for an attack model input. The canvas is initially set to an image of 300$\times$300 pixels in size, where every pixel has a value of zero and the boxes drawn on the canvas have the same center as the predicted boxes and the same intensity as the prediction scores.

CentripetalNet is a keypoint-based detector which uses centripetal shift to pair corner keypoints from the same instance. CentripetalNet predicts the position and the centripetal shift of the corner points and matches corners whose shifted results are aligned.

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A Compact Global Descriptor is an image model block for modelling interactions between positions across different dimensions (e.g., channels, frames). This descriptor enables subsequent convolutions to access the informative global features. It is a form of attention.

Concatenation Affinity is a type of affinity or self-similarity function between two points $\mathbb{x\_{i}}$ and $\mathbb{x\_{j}}$ that uses a concatenation function: $$ f\left(\mathbb{x\_{i}}, \mathbb{x\_{j}}\right) = \text{ReLU}\left(\mathbb{w}^{T}\_{f}\left[\theta\left(\mathbb{x}\_{i}\right), \phi\left(\mathbb{x}\_{j}\right)\right]\right)$$ Here $\left[·, ·\right]$ denotes concatenation and $\mathbb{w}\_{f}$ is a weight vector that projects the concatenated vector to a scalar.

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CornerNet-Saccade is an extension of CornerNet with an attention mechanism similar to saccades in human vision. It starts with a downsized full image and generates an attention map, which is then zoomed in on and processed further by the model. This differs from the original CornerNet in that it is applied fully convolutionally across multiple scales.

CornerNet-Squeeze Hourglass is a convolutional neural network and object detection backbone used in the CornerNet-Squeeze object detector. It uses a modified hourglass module that makes use of a fire module: containing 1x1 convolutions and depthwise convolutions.

CornerNet-Squeeze Hourglass Module is an image model block used in CornerNet-Lite that is based on an hourglass module, but uses modified fire modules instead of residual blocks. Other than replacing the residual blocks, further modifications include: reducing the maximum feature map resolution of the hourglass modules by adding one more downsampling layer before the hourglass modules, removing one downsampling layer in each hourglass module, replacing the 3 × 3 filters with 1 x 1 filters in the prediction modules of CornerNet, and finally replacing the nearest neighbor upsampling in the hourglass network with transpose convolution with a 4 × 4 kernel.

Deformable Position-Sensitive RoI Pooling is similar to PS RoI Pooling but it adds an offset to each bin position in the regular bin partition. Offset learning follows the “fully convolutional” spirit. In the top branch, a convolutional layer generates the full spatial resolution offset fields. For each RoI (also for each class), PS RoI pooling is applied on such fields to obtain normalized offsets, which are then transformed to the real offsets, in the same way as in deformable RoI pooling.

A Depthwise Fire Module is a modification of a Fire Module with depthwise separable convolutions to improve the inference time performance. It is used in the CornerNet-Lite architecture for object detection.

DetNASNet is a convolutional neural network designed to be an object detection backbone and discovered through DetNAS architecture search. It uses ShuffleNet V2 blocks as its basic building block.

A DiCE Unit is an image model block that is built using dimension-wise convolutions and dimension-wise fusion. The dimension-wise convolutions apply light-weight convolutional filtering across each dimension of the input tensor while dimension-wise fusion efficiently combines these dimension-wise representations; allowing the DiCE unit to efficiently encode spatial and channel-wise information contained in the input tensor. Standard convolutions encode spatial and channel-wise information simultaneously, but they are computationally expensive. To improve the efficiency of standard convolutions, separable convolution are introduced, where spatial and channelwise information are encoded separately using depth-wise and point-wise convolutions, respectively. Though this factorization is effective, it puts a significant computational load on point-wise convolutions and makes them a computational bottleneck. DiCE Units utilize a dimension-wise convolution to encode depth-wise, width-wise, and height-wise information independently. The dimension-wise convolutions encode local information from different dimensions of the input tensor, but do not capture global information. One approach is a pointwise convolution, but it is computationally expensive, so instead dimension-wise fusion factorizes the point-wise convolution in two steps: (1) local fusion and (2) global fusion.

DiCENet is a convolutional neural network architecture that utilizes dimensional convolutions (and dimension-wise fusion). The dimension-wise convolutions apply light-weight convolutional filtering across each dimension of the input tensor while dimension-wise fusion efficiently combines these dimension-wise representations; allowing the DiCE Unit in the network to efficiently encode spatial and channel-wise information contained in the input tensor.

Disp R-CNN is a 3D object detection system for stereo images. It utilizes an instance disparity estimation network (iDispNet) that predicts disparity only for pixels on objects of interest and learns a category-specific shape prior for more accurate disparity estimation. To address the challenge from scarcity of disparity annotation in training, a statistical shape model is used to generate dense disparity pseudo-ground-truth without the need of LiDAR point clouds.

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ESPNetv2 is a convolutional neural network that utilises group point-wise and depth-wise dilated separable convolutions to learn representations from a large effective receptive field with fewer FLOPs and parameters.

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Exact Fusion Model (EFM) is a method for aggregating a feature pyramid. The EFM is based on YOLOv3, which assigns exactly one bounding-box prior to each ground truth object. Each ground truth bounding box corresponds to one anchor box that surpasses the threshold IoU. If the size of an anchor box is equivalent to the field-of-view of the grid cell, then for the grid cells of the $s$-th scale, the corresponding bounding box will be lower bounded by the $(s − 1)$th scale and upper bounded by the (s + 1)th scale. Therefore, the EFM assembles features from the three scales.

F2DNet, a novel two-stage object detection architecture which eliminates redundancy of classical two-stage detectors by replacing the region proposal network with focal detection network and bounding box head with fast suppression head.

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Feature Intertwiner is an object detection module that leverages the features from a more reliable set to help guide the feature learning of another less reliable set. The mutual learning process helps two sets to have closer distance within the cluster in each class. The intertwiner is applied on the object detection task, where a historical buffer is proposed to address the sample missing problem during one mini-batch and the optimal transport (OT) theory is introduced to enforce the similarity among the two sets.

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GHM-C is a loss function designed to balance the gradient flow for anchor classification. The GHM first performs statistics on the number of examples with similar attributes w.r.t their gradient density and then attaches a harmonizing parameter to the gradient of each example according to the density. The modification of gradient can be equivalently implemented by reformulating the loss function. Embedding the GHM into the classification loss is denoted as GHM-C loss. Since the gradient density is a statistical variable depending on the examples distribution in a mini-batch, GHM-C is a dynamic loss that can adapt to the change of data distribution in each batch as well as to the updating of the model.

GHM-R is a loss function designed to balance the gradient flow for bounding box refinement. The GHM first performs statistics on the number of examples with similar attributes w.r.t their gradient density and then attaches a harmonizing parameter to the gradient of each example according to the density. The modification of gradient can be equivalently implemented by reformulating the loss function. Embedding the GHM into the bounding box regression branch is denoted as GHM-R loss.

Gumbel activation function, is defined using the cumulative Gumbel distribution and it can be used to perform Gumbel regression. Gumbel activation is an alternative activation function to the sigmoid or softmax activation functions and can be used to transform the unormalised output of a model to probability. Gumbel activation $\eta_{Gumbel}$ is defined as follows: $\eta_{Gumbel}(q_i) = exp(-exp(-q_i))$ It can be combined with Cross Entropy loss function to solve long-tailed classification problems. Gumbel Cross Entropy (GCE) is defined as follows: $GCE(\eta_{Gumbel}(q_i),y_i) = -y_i \log(\eta_{Gumbel}(q_i))+ (1-y_i) \log(1-\eta_{Gumbel}(q_i))$

HS-ResNet is a convolutional neural network that employs Hierarchical-Split Block as its central building block within a ResNet-like architecture.

A Harmonic Network, or Harm-Net, is a type of convolutional neural network that replaces convolutional layers with "harmonic blocks" that use Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) filters. These blocks can be useful in truncating high-frequency information (possible due to the redundancies in the spectral domain).

Hierarchical-Split Block is a representational block for multi-scale feature representations. It contains many hierarchical split and concatenate connections within one single residual block. Specifically, ordinary feature maps in deep neural networks are split into $s$ groups, each with $w$ channels. As shown in the Figure, only the first group of filters can be straightly connected to next layer. The second group of feature maps are sent to a convolution of $3 \times 3$ filters to extract features firstly, then the output feature maps are split into two sub-groups in the channel dimension. One sub-group of feature maps straightly connected to next layer, while the other sub-group is concatenated with the next group of input feature maps in the channel dimension. The concatenated feature maps are operated by a set of $3 \times 3$ convolutional filters. This process repeats several times until the rest of input feature maps are processed. Finally, features maps from all input groups are concatenated and sent to another layer of $1 \times 1$ filters to rebuild the features.

Hit-Detector is a neural architectures search algorithm that simultaneously searches all components of an object detector in an end-to-end manner. It is a hierarchical approach to mine the proper subsearch space from the large volume of operation candidates. It consists of two main procedures. First, given a large search space containing all the operation candidates, we screen out the customized sub search space suitable for each part of detector with the help of group sparsity regularization. Secondly, we search the architectures for each part within the corresponding sub search space by adopting the differentiable manner.

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