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Instance Segmentation

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Instance Segmentation is a computer vision task that involves identifying and separating individual objects within an image, including detecting the boundaries of each object and assigning a unique label to each object. The goal of instance segmentation is to produce a pixel-wise segmentation map of the image, where each pixel is assigned to a specific object instance.

Image Credit: Deep Occlusion-Aware Instance Segmentation with Overlapping BiLayers, CVPR'21

기법

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Focal Transformers

The focal self-attention is built to make Transformer layers scalable to high-resolution inputs. Instead of attending all tokens at fine-grain, the approach attends the fine-grain tokens only locally, but the summarized ones globally. As such, it can cover as many regions as standard self-attention but with much less cost. An image is first partitioned into patches, resulting in visual tokens. Then a patch embedding layer, consisting of a convolutional layer with filter and stride of same size, to project the patches into hidden features. This spatial feature map in then passed to four stages of focal Transformer blocks. Each focal Transformer block consists of $N_i$ focal Transformer layers. Patch embedding layers are used in between to reduce spatial size of feature map by factor 2, while feature dimension increased by 2.

Focal Self-attention for Local-Global Interactions in Vision Transformers

XCiT

Cross-Covariance Image Transformers, or XCiT, is a type of vision transformer that aims to combine the accuracy of conventional transformers with the scalability of convolutional architectures. The self-attention operation underlying transformers yields global interactions between all tokens, i.e. words or image patches, and enables flexible modelling of image data beyond the local interactions of convolutions. This flexibility, however, comes with a quadratic complexity in time and memory, hindering application to long sequences and high-resolution images. The authors propose a “transposed” version of self-attention called cross-covariance attention that operates across feature channels rather than tokens, where the interactions are based on the cross-covariances matrix between keys and queries.

XCiT: Cross-Covariance Image Transformers

XCiT Layer

An XCiT Layer is the main building block of the XCiT architecture which uses a cross-covariance attention operator as its principal operation. The XCiT layer consists of three main blocks, each preceded by LayerNorm and followed by a residual connection: (i) the core cross-covariance attention (XCA) operation, (ii) the local patch interaction (LPI) module, and (iii) a feed-forward network (FFN). By transposing the query-key interaction, the computational complexity of XCA is linear in the number of data elements N, rather than quadratic as in conventional self-attention.

XCiT: Cross-Covariance Image Transformers

CBNet

CBNet is a backbone architecture that consists of multiple identical backbones (specially called Assistant Backbones and Lead Backbone) and composite connections between neighbor backbones. From left to right, the output of each stage in an Assistant Backbone, namely higher-level features, flows to the parallel stage of the succeeding backbone as part of inputs through composite connections. Finally, the feature maps of the last backbone named Lead Backbone are used for object detection. The features extracted by CBNet for object detection fuse the high-level and low-level features of multiple backbones, hence improve the detection performance.

CBNet: A Novel Composite Backbone Network Architecture for Object Detection

Panoptic FPN

A Panoptic FPN is an extension of an FPN that can generate both instance and semantic segmentations via FPN. The approach starts with an FPN backbone and adds a branch for performing semantic segmentation in parallel with the existing region-based branch for instance segmentation. No changes are made to the FPN backbone when adding the dense-prediction branch, making it compatible with existing instance segmentation methods. The new semantic segmentation branch achieves its goal as follows. Starting from the deepest FPN level (at 1/32 scale), we perform three upsampling stages to yield a feature map at 1/4 scale, where each upsampling stage consists of 3×3 convolution, group norm, ReLU, and 2× bilinear upsampling. This strategy is repeated for FPN scales 1/16, 1/8, and 1/4 (with progressively fewer upsampling stages). The result is a set of feature maps at the same 1/4 scale, which are then element-wise summed. A final 1×1 convolution, 4× bilinear upsampling, and softmax are used to generate the per-pixel class labels at the original image resolution. In addition to stuff classes, this branch also outputs a special ‘other’ class for all pixels belonging to objects (to avoid predicting stuff classes for such pixels).

Panoptic Feature Pyramid Networks

PolarMask

PolarMask is an anchor-box free and single-shot instance segmentation method. Specifically, PolarMask takes an image as input and predicts the distance from a sampled positive location (ie a candidate object's center) with respect to the object's contour at each angle, and then assembles the predicted points to produce the final mask. There are several benefits to the system: (1) The polar representation unifies instance segmentation (masks) and object detection (bounding boxes) into a single framework (2) Two modules are designed (i.e. soft polar centerness and polar IoU loss) to sample high-quality center examples and optimize polar contour regression, making the performance of PolarMask does not depend on the bounding box prediction results and more efficient in training. (3) PolarMask is fully convolutional and can be embedded into most off-the-shelf detection methods.

PolarMask++: Enhanced Polar Representation for Single-Shot Instance Segmentation and Beyond

Seesaw Loss

Seesaw Loss is a loss function for long-tailed instance segmentation. It dynamically re-balances the gradients of positive and negative samples on a tail class with two complementary factors: mitigation factor and compensation factor. The mitigation factor reduces punishments to tail categories w.r.t the ratio of cumulative training instances between different categories. Meanwhile, the compensation factor increases the penalty of misclassified instances to avoid false positives of tail categories. The synergy of the two factors enables Seesaw Loss to mitigate the overwhelming punishments on tail classes as well as compensate for the risk of misclassification caused by diminished penalties. $$ L\_{seesaw}\left(\mathbf{x}\right) = - \sum^{C}\_{i=1}y\_{i}\log\left(\hat{\sigma}\_{i}\right) $$ $$ \text{with } \hat{\sigma\_{i}} = \frac{e^{z\_{i}}}{- \sum^{C}\_{j\neq{1}}\mathcal{S}\_{ij}e^{z\_{j}}+e^{z\_{i}} } $$ Here $\mathcal{S}\_{ij}$ works as a tunable balancing factor between different classes. By a careful design of $\mathcal{S}\_{ij}$, Seesaw loss adjusts the punishments on class j from positive samples of class $i$. Seesaw loss determines $\mathcal{S}\_{ij}$ by a mitigation factor and a compensation factor, as: $$ \mathcal{S}\_{ij} =\mathcal{M}\_{ij} · \mathcal{C}\_{ij} $$ The mitigation factor $\mathcal{M}\_{ij}$ decreases the penalty on tail class $j$ according to a ratio of instance numbers between tail class $j$ and head class $i$. The compensation factor $\mathcal{C}\_{ij}$ increases the penalty on class $j$ whenever an instance of class $i$ is misclassified to class $j$.

Seesaw Loss for Long-Tailed Instance Segmentation

VisTR

VisTR is a Transformer based video instance segmentation model. It views video instance segmentation as a direct end-to-end parallel sequence decoding/prediction problem. Given a video clip consisting of multiple image frames as input, VisTR outputs the sequence of masks for each instance in the video in order directly. At the core is a new, effective instance sequence matching and segmentation strategy, which supervises and segments instances at the sequence level as a whole. VisTR frames the instance segmentation and tracking in the same perspective of similarity learning, thus considerably simplifying the overall pipeline and is significantly different from existing approaches.

End-to-End Video Instance Segmentation with Transformers

FcaNet

FCANet contains a novel multi-spectral channel attention module. Given an input feature map $X \in \mathbb{R}^{C \times H \times W}$, multi-spectral channel attention first splits $X$ into many parts $x^{i} \in \mathbb{R}^{C' \times H \times W}$. Then it applies a 2D DCT to each part $x^{i}$. Note that a 2D DCT can use pre-processing results to reduce computation. After processing each part, all results are concatenated into a vector. Finally, fully connected layers, ReLU activation and a sigmoid are used to get the attention vector as in an SE block. This can be formulated as: \begin{align} s = F_\text{fca}(X, \theta) & = \sigma (W_{2} \delta (W_{1}[(\text{DCT}(\text{Group}(X)))])) \end{align} \begin{align} Y & = s X \end{align} where $\text{Group}(\cdot)$ indicates dividing the input into many groups and $\text{DCT}(\cdot)$ is the 2D discrete cosine transform. This work based on information compression and discrete cosine transforms achieves excellent performance on the classification task.

FcaNet: Frequency Channel Attention Networks

GRoIE

GroIE is an RoI extractor which intends to overcome the limitation of existing extractors which select only one (the best) layer from the FPN. The intuition is that all the layers of FPN retain useful information. Therefore, the proposed layer introduces non-local building blocks and attention mechanisms to boost the performance.

A novel Region of Interest Extraction Layer for Instance Segmentation

HaloNet

A HaloNet is a self-attention based model for efficient image classification. It relies on a local self-attention architecture that efficiently maps to existing hardware with haloing. The formulation breaks translational equivariance, but the authors observe that it improves throughput and accuracies over the centered local self-attention used in regular self-attention. The approach also utilises a strided self-attentive downsampling operation for multi-scale feature extraction.

Scaling Local Self-Attention for Parameter Efficient Visual Backbones

InstaBoost

InstaBoost is a data augmentation technique for instance segmentation that utilises existing instance mask annotations. Intuitively in a small neighbor area of $(x_0, y_0, 1, 0)$, the probability map $P(x, y, s, r)$ should be high-valued since images are usually continuous and redundant in pixel level. Based on this, InstaBoost is a form of augmentation where we apply object jittering that randomly samples transformation tuples from the neighboring space of identity transform $(x_0, y_0, 1, 0)$ and paste the cropped object following affine transform $\mathbf{H}$.

InstaBoost: Boosting Instance Segmentation via Probability Map Guided Copy-Pasting

Lambda Layer

Lambda layers are a building block for modeling long-range dependencies in data. They consist of long-range interactions between a query and a structured set of context elements at a reduced memory cost. Lambda layers transform each available context into a linear function, termed a lambda, which is then directly applied to the corresponding query. Whereas self-attention defines a similarity kernel between the query and the context elements, a lambda layer instead summarizes contextual information into a fixed-size linear function (i.e. a matrix), thus bypassing the need for memory-intensive attention maps.

LambdaNetworks: Modeling Long-Range Interactions Without Attention

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Adaptive Parametric Activation

BatchChannel Normalization

Batch-Channel Normalization, or BCN, uses batch knowledge to prevent channel-normalized models from getting too close to "elimination singularities". Elimination singularities correspond to the points on the training trajectory where neurons become consistently deactivated. They cause degenerate manifolds in the loss landscape which will slow down training and harm model performances.

Rethinking Normalization and Elimination Singularity in Neural Networks

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Non-local Neural Networks

Deep-MAC

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The surprising impact of mask-head architecture on novel class segmentation

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