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Feature Fusion Module v2 is a feature fusion module from the M2Det object detection model, and is crucial for constructing the final multi-level feature pyramid. They use 1x1 convolution layers to compress the channels of the input features and use a concatenation operation to aggregate these feature map. FFMv2 takes the base feature and the largest output feature map of the previous Thinned U-Shape Module (TUM) – these two are of the same scale – as input, and produces the fused feature for the next TUM.

FCANet contains a novel multi-spectral channel attention module. Given an input feature map $X \in \mathbb{R}^{C \times H \times W}$, multi-spectral channel attention first splits $X$ into many parts $x^{i} \in \mathbb{R}^{C' \times H \times W}$. Then it applies a 2D DCT to each part $x^{i}$. Note that a 2D DCT can use pre-processing results to reduce computation. After processing each part, all results are concatenated into a vector. Finally, fully connected layers, ReLU activation and a sigmoid are used to get the attention vector as in an SE block. This can be formulated as: \begin{align} s = F_\text{fca}(X, \theta) & = \sigma (W_{2} \delta (W_{1}[(\text{DCT}(\text{Group}(X)))])) \end{align} \begin{align} Y & = s X \end{align} where $\text{Group}(\cdot)$ indicates dividing the input into many groups and $\text{DCT}(\cdot)$ is the 2D discrete cosine transform. This work based on information compression and discrete cosine transforms achieves excellent performance on the classification task.

Filter Response Normalization (FRN) is a type of normalization that combines normalization and an activation function, which can be used as a replacement for other normalizations and activations. It operates on each activation channel of each batch element independently, eliminating the dependency on other batch elements. To demonstrate, assume we are dealing with the feed-forward convolutional neural network. We follow the usual convention that the filter responses (activation maps) produced after a convolution operation are a 4D tensor $X$ with shape $[B, W, H, C]$, where $B$ is the mini-batch size, $W, H$ are the spatial extents of the map, and $C$ is the number of filters used in convolution. $C$ is also referred to as output channels. Let $x = X_{b,:,:,c} \in \mathcal{R}^{N}$, where $N = W \times H$, be the vector of filter responses for the $c^{th}$ filter for the $b^{th}$ batch point. Let $\nu^2 = \sum\_i x_i^2/N$, be the mean squared norm of $x$. Then Filter Response Normalization is defined as the following: $$ \hat{x} = \frac{x}{\sqrt{\nu^2 + \epsilon}}, $$ where $\epsilon$ is a small positive constant to prevent division by zero. A lack of mean centering in FRN can lead to activations having an arbitrary bias away from zero. Such a bias in conjunction with ReLU can have a detrimental effect on learning and lead to poor performance and dead units. To address this the authors augment ReLU with a learned threshold $\tau$ to yield: $$ z = \max(y, \tau) $$ Since $\max(y, \tau){=}\max(y-\tau,0){+}\tau{=}\text{ReLU}{(y{-}\tau)}{+}\tau$, the effect of this activation is the same as having a shared bias before and after ReLU.

GroIE is an RoI extractor which intends to overcome the limitation of existing extractors which select only one (the best) layer from the FPN. The intuition is that all the layers of FPN retain useful information. Therefore, the proposed layer introduces non-local building blocks and attention mechanisms to boost the performance.

The Segment Anything Model (SAM) shows remarkable segmentation ability with sparse prompts like points. However, manual prompt is not always feasible, as it may not be accessible in real-world application. In this work, we aim to eliminate the need for manual prompt.The key idea is to employ Cross-modal Chains of Thought Prompting (CCTP) to reason visual prompts using the semantic information given by a generic text prompt. We introduce a test-time adaptation per-instance mechanism called Generalizable SAM (GenSAM) to automatically generate and optimize visual prompts the generic task prompt. CCTP maps a single generic text prompt onto image-specific consensus foreground and background heatmaps using vision-language models, acquiring reliable visual prompts. Moreover, to test-time adapt the visual prompts, we further propose Progressive Mask Generation (PMG) to iteratively reweight the input image, guiding the model to focus on the targets in a coarse-to-fine manner.Crucially, all network parameters are fixed, avoiding the need for additional training.Experiments demonstrate the superiority of GenSAM. Experiments on three benchmarks demonstrate that GenSAM outperforms point supervision approaches and achieves comparable results to scribble supervision ones, solely relying on general task descriptions as prompts.

A HaloNet is a self-attention based model for efficient image classification. It relies on a local self-attention architecture that efficiently maps to existing hardware with haloing. The formulation breaks translational equivariance, but the authors observe that it improves throughput and accuracies over the centered local self-attention used in regular self-attention. The approach also utilises a strided self-attentive downsampling operation for multi-scale feature extraction.

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InstaBoost is a data augmentation technique for instance segmentation that utilises existing instance mask annotations. Intuitively in a small neighbor area of $(x_0, y_0, 1, 0)$, the probability map $P(x, y, s, r)$ should be high-valued since images are usually continuous and redundant in pixel level. Based on this, InstaBoost is a form of augmentation where we apply object jittering that randomly samples transformation tuples from the neighboring space of identity transform $(x_0, y_0, 1, 0)$ and paste the cropped object following affine transform $\mathbf{H}$.

Lambda layers are a building block for modeling long-range dependencies in data. They consist of long-range interactions between a query and a structured set of context elements at a reduced memory cost. Lambda layers transform each available context into a linear function, termed a lambda, which is then directly applied to the corresponding query. Whereas self-attention defines a similarity kernel between the query and the context elements, a lambda layer instead summarizes contextual information into a fixed-size linear function (i.e. a matrix), thus bypassing the need for memory-intensive attention maps.

M2Det is a one-stage object detection model that utilises a Multi-Level Feature Pyramid Network (MLFPN) to extract features from the input image, and then similar to SSD, produces dense bounding boxes and category scores based on the learned features, followed by the non-maximum suppression (NMS) operation to produce the final results.

Multi-Level Feature Pyramid Network, or MLFPN, is a feature pyramid block used in object detection models, notably M2Det. We first fuse multi-level features (i.e. multiple layers) extracted by a backbone as a base feature, and then feed it into a block of alternating joint Thinned U-shape Modules (TUM) and Feature Fusion Modules (FFM) to extract more representative, multi-level multi-scale features. Finally, we gather up the feature maps with equivalent scales to construct the final feature pyramid for object detection. Decoder layers that form the final feature pyramid are much deeper than the layers in the backbone, namely, they are more representative. Moreover, each feature map in the final feature pyramid consists of the decoder layers from multiple levels. Hence, the feature pyramid block is called Multi-Level Feature Pyramid Network (MLFPN).

Margin Rectified Linear Unit, or Margin ReLU, is a type of activation function based on a ReLU, but it has a negative threshold for negative values instead of a zero threshhold.

MobileDet is an object detection model developed for mobile accelerators. MobileDets uses regular convolutions extensively on EdgeTPUs and DSPs, especially in the early stage of the network where depthwise convolutions tend to be less efficient. This helps boost the latency-accuracy trade-off for object detection on accelerators, provided that they are placed strategically in the network via neural architecture search. By incorporating regular convolutions in the search space and directly optimizing the network architectures for object detection, an efficient family of object detection models is obtained.

MotionNet is a system for joint perception and motion prediction based on a bird's eye view (BEV) map, which encodes the object category and motion information from 3D point clouds in each grid cell. MotionNet takes a sequence of LiDAR sweeps as input and outputs the bird's eye view (BEV) map. The backbone of MotionNet is a spatio-temporal pyramid network, which extracts deep spatial and temporal features in a hierarchical fashion. To enforce the smoothness of predictions over both space and time, the training of MotionNet is further regularized with novel spatial and temporal consistency losses.

NAS-FCOS consists of two sub networks, an FPN $f$ and a set of prediction heads $h$ which have shared structures. One notable difference with other FPN-based one-stage detectors is that our heads have partially shared weights. Only the last several layers of the predictions heads (marked as yellow) are tied by their weights. The number of layers to share is decided automatically by the search algorithm. Note that both FPN and head are in our actual search space; and have more layers than shown in this figure.

NeuralRecon is a framework for real-time 3D scene reconstruction from a monocular video. Unlike previous methods that estimate single-view depth maps separately on each key-frame and fuse them later, NeuralRecon proposes to directly reconstruct local surfaces represented as sparse TSDF volumes for each video fragment sequentially by a neural network. A learning-based TSDF fusion module based on gated recurrent units is used to guide the network to fuse features from previous fragments. This design allows the network to capture local smoothness prior and global shape prior of 3D surfaces.

Orientation Regularized Network (ORN) is a multi-view image fusion technique for pose estimation. It uses IMU orientations as a structural prior to mutually fuse the image features of each pair of joints linked by IMUs. For example, it uses the features of the elbow to reinforce those of the wrist based on the IMU at the lower-arm.

PP-YOLOv2 is an object detector that extends upon PP-YOLO with several refinements: - A Path Aggregation Network is included for the FPN to compose bottom-up paths. - Mish Activation functions are used. - The input size is expanded. - An IoU aware branch is calculated with a soft label format.

PocketNet is a face recognition model family discovered through neural architecture search. The training is based on multi-step knowledge distillation.

PolyConv learns continuous distributions as the convolutional filters to share the weights across different vertices of graphs or points of point clouds.

RFB Net is a one-stage object detector that utilises a receptive field block module. It utilises a VGG16 backbone, and is otherwise quite similar to the SSD architecture.

RPDet, or RepPoints Detector, is a anchor-free, two-stage object detection model based on deformable convolutions. RepPoints serve as the basic object representation throughout the detection system. Starting from the center points, the first set of RepPoints is obtained via regressing offsets over the center points. The learning of these RepPoints is driven by two objectives: 1) the top-left and bottom-right points distance loss between the induced pseudo box and the ground-truth bounding box; 2) the object recognition loss of the subsequent stage.

Side-Aware Boundary Localization (SABL) is a methodology for precise localization in object detection where each side of the bounding box is respectively localized with a dedicated network branch. Empirically, the authors observe that when they manually annotate a bounding box for an object, it is often much easier to align each side of the box to the object boundary than to move the box as a whole while tuning the size. Inspired by this observation, in SABL each side of the bounding box is respectively positioned based on its surrounding context. As shown in the Figure, the authors devise a bucketing scheme to improve the localization precision. For each side of a bounding box, this scheme divides the target space into multiple buckets, then determines the bounding box via two steps. Specifically, it first searches for the correct bucket, i.e., the one in which the boundary resides. Leveraging the centerline of the selected buckets as a coarse estimate, fine regression is then performed by predicting the offsets. This scheme allows very precise localization even in the presence of displacements with large variance. Moreover, to preserve precisely localized bounding boxes in the non-maximal suppression procedure, the authors also propose to adjust the classification score based on the bucketing confidences, which leads to further performance gains.

TinaFace is a type of face detection method that is based on generic object detection. It consists of (a) Feature Extractor: ResNet-50 and 6 level Feature Pyramid Network to extract the multi-scale features of input image; (b) an Inception block to enhance receptive field; (c) Classification Head: 5 layers FCN for classification of anchors; (d) Regression Head: 5 layers FCN for regression of anchors to ground-truth objects boxes; (e) IoU Aware Head: a single convolutional layer for IoU prediction.

YOLOP is a panoptic driving perception network for handling traffic object detection, drivable area segmentation and lane detection simultaneously. It is composed of one encoder for feature extraction and three decoders to handle the specific tasks. It can be thought of a lightweight version of Tesla's HydraNet model for self-driving cars. A lightweight CNN, from Scaled-yolov4, is used as the encoder to extract features from the image. Then these feature maps are fed to three decoders to complete their respective tasks. The detection decoder is based on the current best-performing single-stage detection network, YOLOv4, for two main reasons: (1) The single-stage detection network is faster than the two-stage detection network. (2) The grid-based prediction mechanism of the single-stage detector is more related to the other two semantic segmentation tasks, while instance segmentation is usually combined with the region based detector as in Mask R-CNN. The feature map output by the encoder incorporates semantic features of different levels and scales, and our segmentation branch can use these feature maps to complete pixel-wise semantic prediction.

Pixel2Style2Pixel, or pSp, is an image-to-image translation framework that is based on a novel encoder that directly generates a series of style vectors which are fed into a pretrained StyleGAN generator, forming the extended $\mathcal{W+}$ latent space. Feature maps are first extracted using a standard feature pyramid over a ResNet backbone. Then, for each of $18$ target styles, a small mapping network is trained to extract the learned styles from the corresponding feature map, where styles $(0-2)$ are generated from the small feature map, $(3-6)$ from the medium feature map, and $(7-18)$ from the largest feature map. The mapping network, map2style, is a small fully convolutional network, which gradually reduces spatial size using a set of 2-strided convolutions followed by LeakyReLU activations. Each generated 512 vector, is fed into StyleGAN, starting from its matching affine transformation, $A$.

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