TACTUS: A Robotic Palpation System for Spatially Heterogeneous Hardness Mapping of Woody Breast Myopathy

원문 초록

Woody breast (WB) myopathy is a spatially heterogeneous fibro-degenerative condition of the broiler Pectoralis major muscle. Existing mechanical reference methods rely on single-point or sequential compression measurements, limiting characterization of spatial hardness variability. This study presents TACTUS (Tactile Adaptive Conformal 3D Uniform Sensing), an automated tactile array that generates thickness-normalized, three-dimensional hardness maps at 20 anatomically distributed locations within approximately 30 s. TACTUS integrates 20 independently motorized tactuators with force-sensing resistors and encoder-driven linear actuators, alongside a LiDAR depth camera for surface profiling and adaptive compression. The system was evaluated using 100 broiler breast fillets across four WB severity classes (Normal, Mild, Moderate, Severe). TACTUS identified significant force differences among severity classes (ANOVA, p < 0.001), with the strongest differentiation in the cranial region and a significant caudal effect not detected by texture-analyzer measurements. Fillet-level TACTUS force showed moderate but significant correlation with texture-analyzer measurements (Pearson r = 0.441, p < 0.001). Semivariogram, local change entropy, and heterogeneity analyses revealed increasing and anatomically structured hardness variability with WB severity. These findings demonstrate TACTUS as an automated, operator-independent platform for spatially resolved mechanical characterization and ground-truth generation to support hyperspectral and near-infrared spectroscopy-based WB classification systems.