When Normality Shifts: Multi-Level WavLM Modeling for Open-World Audio Deepfake Detection

원문 초록

Audio deepfake detectors trained with known synthesis attacks can learn generator-specific shortcuts that fail as synthesis systems and acoustic conditions evolve. We investigate an attack-free alternative: a normality model trained exclusively on bona fide speech, which scores synthetic audio by its deviation from authentic representations. We propose MLN-WavLM, a method that applies shrinkage-Mahalanobis modeling to pooled hidden states from a frozen large-scale, pre-trained speech processing WavLM Base+ architecture. Evaluated on ASVspoof 2019 LA, our best attack-free variant achieves an 8.45\% Equal Error Rate (EER), closely tracking a fully supervised WavLM-HM-Conformer baseline (7.86%). However, when subjected to the ASVspoof 2021 DF domain shift, performance drops to 22.12% EER, exposing vulnerabilities in the bona-fide-calibrated operating point. Layer-wise analysis reveals that early WavLM representations dominate the ensemble. To test real-world viability, we simulated deployment streams using unlabeled threshold adaptation. While robust median/MAD recalibration easily handles in-domain contamination up to 10%, recalibrating under the 2021 DF domain shift triggers a total collapse of low-FPR recall. We conclude that while frozen source-domain normality can effectively rank deepfakes, it does not yield a stable open-world decision rule, and downstream threshold adaptation cannot rescue upstream ranking degradation.