The forces at hand: social learning is permissive, not instructive, for the evolution of phenotypic plasticity

원문 초록

Evolution can favour a trait for two reasons: an instructive cause makes selection favour the trait; a permissive one lets it persist once selection no longer removes it. The distinction matters most for phenotypic plasticity and its replacement by inherited behaviour, genetic assimilation, the Baldwin effect. Social learning is credited with favouring plasticity on evidence that cannot tell the two apart: how much plasticity remains at the end of a simulation. Here we show, analytically and computationally, which role it plays in a minimal model of learning and evolution. Writing expected fitness as a function of plasticity, we find that environmental change is the only source of benefit from plasticity, and the social channel enters only its cost. Simulation confirms this: in a static environment selection against plasticity never reverses sign at any channel strength; when the environment changes, it reverses at a threshold the channel lowers, and without the channel the population collapses before reaching it. Social learning is permissive, not instructive: it supplies the means to be plastic, never the reason. For the debate over whether plasticity leads evolution, this is one case settled by measurement: environmental change directs, socially inherited information permits, and neither suffices alone.