UAV-Based Computer Vision for Cattle Detection and Feed Bunk Spatial Analysis

원문 초록

Beef cattle production is central to Brazilian agribusiness and faces growing demands for efficiency, sustainability, and animal welfare. Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) offers tools to address these challenges, particularly through monitoring feeding-related spatial patterns in confined systems. Feeding management plays a decisive role in animal performance, yet its evaluation still relies largely on subjective, labor-intensive visual inspections that are hard to scale and prone to bias. This work proposes a computer vision framework based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to quantify cattle alignment and spatial dispersion at the feed bunk under real-world feedlot conditions. A UAV dataset was collected during flight campaigns at a commercial feedlot in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Images were manually annotated into cattle head and cattle back classes to support object detection and image-level spatial analysis of cattle distribution. You Only Look Once (YOLO) models, namely YOLOv8 and YOLOv11, were evaluated, with YOLOv8 small used for the downstream spatial analysis. The feed bunk region was segmented using the Segment Anything Model (SAM), and geometric metrics based on detected head positions were developed to characterize alignment, spacing regularity, and clustering. The selected detector achieved 84.30% mAP50 and 35.50% mAP50-95, with an inference time of approximately 2.7 ms per image on an NVIDIA RTX 5060 Ti GPU. The resulting metrics distinguished representative regular and irregular spatial distributions by Root Mean Square Deviation - RMSD (1.06 m and 4.26 m), Coefficient of Variation - CV (42.70% and 96.31%), and clustering (0 and 2 clusters), respectively. These findings indicate that the proposed approach can provide indicators for assessing feed bunk spatial patterns in PLF.