Toward an Optimal Configuration for Tree Species Classification from Bark Images: A Leakage-Safe Ablation Study

원문 초록

Background: The automatic identification of tree species from bark photographs is of practical interest for forestry inventory and the wood-processing industry, yet the design choices that govern the accuracy of deep-learning approaches have not been studied systematically, and some prior results may be inflated by leakage of images of the same trunk across training and test partitions. Methods: A systematic ablation study is conducted on the public BarkNet 1.0 dataset (20 species) under the established tree-level, leakage-safe partitioning scheme. Using ConvNeXt-V2 backbones, the following factors are varied in turn and evaluated by five-fold cross-validation: patch size, the strategy by which per-patch predictions are aggregated into an image-level decision, the training regime (single- versus two-stage), backbone capacity, the whole-image baseline, and the number of patches available at inference. Results: Per-patch accuracy rises monotonically with patch size (from 75.6% at 160 px to 89.6% at 512 px), and image-level accuracy rises in step, plateauing near 94.9% around 512 px. Learned aggregation exceeds majority voting by at most 0.7 pp, an advantage that shrinks as patches grow and attention becomes near-uniform. Backbone capacity (pico to tiny) alters accuracy by less than a point, and two-stage training offers no advantage over one-stage. Whole-image classification (91.9%) trails patch-based aggregation, since it admits no bag to average over; accuracy increases with the number of patches at inference, saturating around 64. Conclusions: The study yields a simple recommended configuration: patches as large as possible while leaving enough to average over (around 512 px here), with a nano backbone. It also quantifies the second-order role of learned aggregation and model capacity, providing a reproducible reference point for practitioners and future research