Observable-Specific Validity Tests for Scientific AI: Controlled Approximations and Intervention Response

원문 초록

An approximation can reproduce an energy while missing its response, or satisfy an error tolerance without being certified by a given bound. We formulate observable-specific validity records for scientific artificial intelligence (AI) that link a reduction to its reference model, error measure, tolerance, parameter domain, and transformations or interventions. Explicit displacement and velocity certificates for a singularly perturbed oscillator recover distinct convergence orders and provide sufficient validity guarantees. Exact Hubbard dimer relations resolve the different coupling domains accepted by energy and response criteria. Across 16 repeated neural fits, imposing dimensional homogeneity reduces energy scale transfer error from 52.3% to 0.0768% and raises the median fraction jointly satisfying gap and response tolerances from zero to 100%. Paired transformations verify the protected scaling relation, while a coupling crossover identifies the additional information needed for response transfer. A causal model recovers a positive intervention response beneath a strong negative observational association. For two mechanisms observed with Gaussian noise whose responses first differ at order $x^k$, we derive an exact fixed control query requirement scaling as $x^{-2k}$ and verify its full success curve numerically. Together with a 256-task evaluation interface, these results provide independently checkable tests of controlled approximation, physical transfer, and mechanism discrimination in scientific AI.