Recursive Semantic Divergence for LLM Agent Consistency

원문 초록

Large Language Model (LLM) agents with tool use can behave inconsistently across independent runs from identical states. They may call different tools, produce contradictory outputs, or follow divergent strategies.This variability compounds over time and undermines deployment reliability. Existing evaluation metrics primarily measure task correctness via completion-based scores and do not capture consistency in agent behavior across executions. Separately, agent behavior is analyzed either at the token level using probability distributions or at the single-response level using semantic clustering, but neither captures how inconsistency propagates across future turns of a trajectory. We introduce Recursive Semantic Divergence (RSD), a trajectory-level consistency metric adapted from bisimulation metrics in reinforcement learning. RSD measures the expected cumulative semantic disagreement between two independent rollouts of the same agent from the same state, using natural language inference to detect logical inconsistency. It is defined recursively over future states and approximated by a neural network trained on independent rollouts. The learned metric estimates future divergence from the current state, providing a consistency score at each turn without requiring the full trajectory to complete. When used as a reward signal for fine-tuning, RSD reduces AUC coefficient of variation (CV) by up to 30.9% on tau2-bench and 50.5% on ToolSandbox. Across Qwen-2.5 and Qwen-3.5 models, RSD reduces AUC CV in seven out of eight model-benchmark settings, while improving the final task progress in all eight settings.