Neural Modal Decomposition: Architectural Priors from Observables

원문 초록

Many engineering building blocks behave as multi-port linear time-invariant systems. RF cavities, photonic devices, and superconducting quantum chips, despite their different underlying physics, all share a common mathematical structure for their port-level response. Each entry of the response matrix is a sum of contributions from a small number of intrinsic resonant modes, the pole-residue form. A model capable of predicting such responses for arbitrary geometries and arbitrary port configurations, while simultaneously extracting the underlying eigenmode structure, could therefore offer a design principle potentially applicable across all these domains. We propose a neural framework that learns this modal decomposition end-to-end, supervised only by system-level observables and without supervising the modal parameters themselves. The architecture decomposes into a port-independent pole predictor and two port-dependent coupling predictors whose outputs are combined entry-wise, separating intrinsic from port-dependent features. This factorization yields a single trained model that generalizes to port counts unseen during training, whereas direct regression needs a separate model for each port count, with an output size that grows as $\mathcal{O}(N^2)$. Although the modal parameters are never supervised, the freely parameterized poles converge to the physical resonances, in agreement with poles extracted by the AAA rational approximation algorithm. We instantiate the framework in radio-frequency electromagnetic surrogate modeling. A model trained only on 2-port data accurately predicts $N$-port responses unseen during training.