A Hybrid Hierarchical 1D-CNN-BiLSTM Framework for Extractive Summarization of Biomedical and Clinical Text

원문 초록

Large language models have made abstractive summarization remarkably fluent, but fluency has come at a cost. Models trained to generate freely over long documents may hallucinate, producing summaries that read well but drift from what the source actually says. This risk is especially serious in biomedical and clinical text, where fabricated details can have serious consequences. We address this by removing free-form generation from the pipeline rather than trying to constrain it. Our Hybrid Hierarchical CNN-LSTM Summarizer reframes summarization as extractive sentence selection: a stacked, multi-kernel convolutional network progressively refines contextual representations, while a bidirectional LSTM models long-range dependencies across the document. A lightweight scoring head predicts sentence importance using binary cross-entropy supervision. For PubMed, a document-adaptive mean-plus-standard-deviation threshold with a Top-3 fallback determines extraction; clinical evaluations instead use a fixed top-30\% sentence-selection policy. Because output sentences are copied verbatim, the framework prevents source-external generation, although omissions and contextual inaccuracies remain possible. Evaluated on PubMed and transferred without clinical fine-tuning to MIMIC-CXR and MIMIC-IV BHC, the model demonstrates competitive extractive summarization performance, with threshold and component ablations supporting adaptive extraction and the combined CNN--BiLSTM architecture. Clinical factuality analysis further highlights limitations in preserving important findings and negations. These results suggest that structural constraints offer a promising direction for source-grounded biomedical summarization, while emphasizing the importance of clinical completeness and contextual fidelity.