Hold-Out Self-Validation Cannot Certify the Accuracy of Photogrammetric Reconstructions

원문 초록

Photogrammetric reconstructions used for inspection are often delivered without an independent accuracy check. Hold-out self-validation is a possible substitute. Images are withheld, their orientations are re-estimated from the rest of the block, and agreement is taken as evidence of quality. We test it on ten GNSS-referenced aerial captures from eight sites, on ETH3D and EuRoC, and on 30 IMC 2025 scenes. The standard form re-localises each withheld image only against points seen by at least two retained images. Its score saturates. It stayed at 1.00 in all 40 thinned reconstructions while camera-position error varied by a factor of up to 5.9 within one capture. It also scored 1.00 on a corrupted model with only one of 226 cameras within 5 m. Reprojection error ranked some of the worst models best. A few lost cameras can raise the least-squares RMSE to the size of the block, so we also evaluate with a robust alignment. Taking the correspondences from the verified matches lowered the score below 0.95 in 14 of 18 corrupted runs, against 4 for the standard form and 10 when its failed resections count as errors, with all seven nominal runs at 1.00. Mapping the block again without the withheld images also responds, but mapping the same corrupted data twice without withholding gave a similar disagreement, so the signal is mainly that a corrupted reconstruction is not reproducible. Neither test can see an error that every reconstruction repeats, and neither can replace check points.