CSFlow: Aligning Flow Matching with Human Contrast Sensitivity

원문 초록

We introduce Contrast Sensitive Flow (CSFlow), a weighting scheme that connects the human eye's Contrast Sensitivity Function (CSF) to the iterative denoising steps of flow matching. Because real-world images concentrate signal at low spatial frequencies, these components reach high signal-to-noise ratio earlier during continuous diffusion than high-frequency components. When generating images with diffusion or flow matching models, this induces a soft autoregressive structure in Fourier space, where coarse image content stabilizes before fine detail. Meanwhile, the human visual system is unequally sensitive to spatial frequencies: very low and very high frequencies require significantly higher contrast to be perceived. We for the first time merge these observations through two contributions: (1) a metric that estimates which frequencies are generated at each reverse flow interval and (2) timestep weights obtained by aligning the frequencies generated at each noise level with human contrast sensitivity. We validate our contributions experimentally showing that these weights can improve generative performance by lowering FID by up to 12.15%, increasing Inception Score by up to 3.2% and improving GenEval scores by up to 3.0% using inference-only timestep modification or short fine-tuning. Qualitatively, we find that our CSFlow weights lead to better visual realism and less cartoonish appearance of generated images. In a two-alternative forced-choice study, participants preferred CSFlow generations over the baseline in 65% of comparisons. Additional visualisations, code, models and the example CSFlow weights are available on our project website.