Smoothed Score Queries and the Complexity of Sampling

원문 초록

We study the query complexity of sampling from high-dimensional Gaussian distributions using gradient information. In the standard oracle model, exact gradients expose only matrix-vector products with the precision matrix, leading to polynomial approximation barriers and a characteristic $\sqrt{\kappa}$ dependence on the known spectral range. We show that this barrier disappears when the sampler is allowed to query smoothed scores, namely gradients of the logarithms of the Gaussian-convolved densities. For a centered Gaussian target with precision matrix $\Lambda$, a smoothed-score query at noise level $\tau$ gives access to the resolvent $(\Lambda+\tau^{-1}I)^{-1}$. Combining geometrically spaced noise levels with sinc-quadrature rational approximation, we obtain a sampler with $q=O((\log\kappa+\log(e\sqrt d/\delta_{\rm TV}))\log(e\sqrt d/\delta_{\rm TV}))$ smoothed-score queries for total variation error $\delta_{\rm TV}$, improving the condition-number dependence from $\sqrt{\kappa}$ to logarithmic. We also study finite-bit gradient oracles. Using coordinatewise quantization of the transformed smoothed-score answers and a final dithering step, we obtain a sampling scheme whose total communicated gradient information is polylogarithmic in $\kappa$; in particular, for fixed dimension and accuracy, the bit complexity is $O(\log^2\kappa)$. To complement these upper bounds, we introduce a channel-synthesis, or reverse-Shannon, converse technique for sampling lower bounds. This converts total-variation simulation guarantees into communication requirements and yields an $\Omega(d\log\kappa)$ bit lower bound for $d\ge2$ and fixed total variation error below one, as $\kappa\to\infty$. Together, these results identify smoothed scores as a provably more informative oracle for sampling and give nearly matching upper and lower bounds for its finite-bit complexity.