Fundus-R1: Training a Fundus-Reading MLLM on Public Data

원문 초록

Fundus imaging such as CFP, OCT and SLO is crucial for the early detection of retinal anomalies and diseases. Fundus image understanding, due to its knowledge-intensive nature, poses a challenging vision-language task. An emerging approach to addressing the task is to post-train a generic multimodal large language model (MLLM), either by supervised finetuning (SFT) or by reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR), on a considerable amount of in-house samples paired with high-quality clinical reports. However, these valuable samples are not publicly accessible, which not only hinders reproducibility but also practically limits research to few players. In this paper, we make a novel attempt to train a reasoning-enhanced fundus-reading MLLM, termed Fundus-R1, using exclusively public datasets, wherein over 94% of the data are annotated with image-level labels only. Our technical contributions are two-fold. First, we propose a RAG-based method for composing image-specific, knowledge-aware reasoning traces. Such auto-generated traces link visual findings identified by a generic MLLM to the image labels in terms of ophthalmic knowledge. Second, we enhance RLVR with a process reward that encourages self-consistency of the generated reasoning trace in each rollout. Extensive experiments on three fundus-reading benchmarks, i.e., FunBench, Omni-Fundus and GMAI-Fundus, show that Fundus-R1 clearly outperforms multiple baselines, including its generic counterpart (Qwen2.5-VL) and a stronger edition post-trained without using the generated traces. This work paves the way for training powerful fundus-reading MLLMs with publicly available data.