Explainability-Aware Evaluation of Transfer Learning Models for IoT DDoS Detection Under Resource Constraints

원문 초록

Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks threaten the availability of Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructures, especially in resource-constrained deployments. Although transfer learning models have shown promising detection accuracy, their reliability, computational feasibility, and interpretability in operational environments remain insufficiently explored. This study presents an explainability-aware empirical evaluation of seven pre-trained convolutional neural network architectures for multi-class IoT DDoS detection using the CICDDoS2019 dataset and an image-based traffic representation. The analysis integrates classification performance metrics, complementary statistical indicators (MCC, Cohen's kappa, and Youden Index), training and inference cost assessment, and interpretability evaluation using Grad-CAM and SHAP. Results indicate that DenseNet and MobileNet-based architectures achieve strong detection performance while demonstrating superior reliability and compact, class-consistent attribution patterns. MobileNet achieves the highest reported classification accuracy and several of the strongest reliability statistics, whereas DenseNet169 exhibits the most favorable qualitative interpretability characteristics based on Grad-CAM and SHAP. MobileNetV3 offers a potential trade-off between inference latency, classification performance, and qualitative interpretability for resource-constrained deployment. The findings emphasize the importance of combining performance, reliability, and explainability criteria when selecting deep learning models for IoT DDoS detection.