Visual Affect Analysis: Predicting Emotions of Image Viewers with Vision-Language Models

원문 초록

Vision-language models (VLMs) show promise for large-scale affect inference from images, but their alignment with human affective ratings remains unclear. We benchmarked 16 proprietary and open-source VLMs on three validated affective image datasets: the International Affective Picture System, the Nencki Affective Picture System, and the Library of AI-Generated Affective Images. In a zero-shot setting, models performed two tasks: (i) top-emotion classification and (ii) prediction of human ratings on 1--7/9 Likert scales for discrete emotions and affective dimensions. We also evaluated rater-conditioned prompting on the LAI-GAI dataset using de-identified participant metadata. Best models showed strong discrete emotion classification (60%--80% on six-emotion tasks; 60%--75% on a 12-category task), with anger and surprise predicted least accurately. For continuous ratings, models aligned moderately to strongly with human judgments ($r > 0.75$) but showed consistent biases, especially weaker performance on arousal and overestimation of response intensity. Rater-conditioned prompting had only small, inconsistent effects. Overall, VLMs captured broad affective patterns but sometimes lacked the nuance, although newer model generations performed better.