An Algebraic Representation Theorem for Linear GENEOs in Machine Learning

원문 초록

Geometric and Topological Deep Learning enhance machine learning by exploiting geometric and topological structures in data. In this context, Group Equivariant Non-Expansive Operators (GENEOs) provide a principled framework for encoding symmetries and designing efficient, interpretable neural architectures. Originally introduced in Topological Data Analysis and later adopted in Deep Learning, GENEOs unify geometric and topological approaches and include, as a special case, the operator computing persistence diagrams. Their theoretical foundations rely on group actions, equivariance, and compactness properties of operator spaces. GENEOs are defined between data spaces endowed with transformation groups, referred to as perception pairs. While previous representation results characterized linear GENEOs acting on identical perception pairs, many applications require operators between heterogeneous ones. In this work, we introduce and prove a new algebraic representation theorem for linear GENEOs acting between different perception pairs. Under mild assumptions on data domains and group actions, this result provides a complete characterization of such operators and implicitly yields a computational method to generate all linear GENEOs between two perception pairs. The proof combines tools from the theory of stochastic matrices, group actions, and invariant measures. In our paper, we also show that the space of linear GENEOs is compact and convex, making easier their use for learning and optimization. Our new theorem enlarges the applicability of GENEOs, and allows for their composition with a broader class of current architectures. We show this with an application in image reconstruction.