Equilibrium Matching: Generative Modeling with Implicit Energy-Based Models

원문 초록

We introduce Equilibrium Matching (EqM), a generative modeling framework built from an equilibrium dynamics perspective. EqM discards the non-equilibrium, time-conditional dynamics in traditional diffusion and flow-based generative models and instead learns the equilibrium gradient of an implicit energy landscape. Through this approach, we can adopt an optimization-based sampling process at inference time, where samples are obtained by gradient descent on the learned landscape with adjustable step sizes, adaptive optimizers, and adaptive compute. Empirically, EqM achieves the best FID among the tested methods, reaching 1.90 on ImageNet 256$\times$256, while remaining competitive on other metrics. Theoretically, we show under standard assumptions that real images are attracting critical points of the learned field and the energy interpretation applies when the field is conservative. Beyond generation, EqM is a flexible framework that naturally handles tasks including partially noised image denoising, OOD detection, and image composition. By replacing time-conditional velocities with a unified equilibrium landscape, EqM offers a tighter bridge between flow and energy-based models and a simple route to optimization-driven inference.