Homeopathic Modernization and the Middle Science Trap: conceptual context of ergonomics, econometrics and logic of some national scientific case

원문 초록

This article analyses the structural and institutional barriers hindering the development of scientific systems in transition economies, such as Kazakhstan. The main focus is on the concept of the "middle science trap," which is characterized by steady growth in quantitative indicators (publications, grants) but a lack of qualitative advancement. Excessive bureaucracy, weak integration into the international scientific community, and ineffective science management are key factors limiting development. This paper proposes an approach of "homeopathic modernization," which focuses on minimal yet strategically significant changes aimed at reducing bureaucratic barriers and enhancing the effectiveness of the scientific ecosystem. A comparative analysis of international experience (China, India, and the European Union) is provided, demonstrating how targeted reforms in the scientific sector can lead to significant results. Social and cultural aspects, including the influence of mentality and institutional structure, are also examined, and practical recommendations for reforming the scientific system in Kazakhstan and Central Asia are offered. The conclusions of the article could be useful for developing national science modernization programs, particularly in countries with high levels of bureaucracy and conservatism.