Deep learning has the potential to revolutionize sports performance, with applications ranging from perception and comprehension to decision. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of deep learning in sports performance, focusing on three main aspects: algorithms, datasets and virtual environments, and challenges. Firstly, we discuss the hierarchical structure of deep learning algorithms in sports performance which includes perception, comprehension and decision while comparing their strengths and weaknesses. Secondly, we list widely used existing datasets in sports and highlight their characteristics and limitations. Finally, we summarize current challenges and point out future trends of deep learning in sports. Our survey provides valuable reference material for researchers interested in deep learning in sports applications.
Control of surface texture in strip steel is essential to meet customer requirements during galvanizing and temper rolling processes. Traditional methods rely on post-production stylus measurements, while on-line techniques offer non-contact and real-time measurements of the entire strip. However, ensuring accurate measurement is imperative for their effective utilization in the manufacturing pipeline. Moreover, accurate on-line measurements enable real-time adjustments of manufacturing processing parameters during production, ensuring consistent quality and the possibility of closed-loop control of the temper mill. In this study, we leverage state-of-the-art machine learning models to enhance the transformation of on-line measurements into significantly a more accurate Ra surface roughness metric. By comparing a selection of data-driven approaches, including both deep learning and non-deep learning methods, to the close-form transformation, we evaluate their potential for improving surface texture control in temper strip steel manufacturing.
Deep learning is increasingly becoming a promising pathway to improving the accuracy of sub-grid scale (SGS) turbulence closure models for large eddy simulations (LES). We leverage the concept of differentiable turbulence, whereby an end-to-end differentiable solver is used in combination with physics-inspired choices of deep learning architectures to learn highly effective and versatile SGS models for two-dimensional turbulent flow. We perform an in-depth analysis of the inductive biases in the chosen architectures, finding that the inclusion of small-scale non-local features is most critical to effective SGS modeling, while large-scale features can improve pointwise accuracy of the \textit{a-posteriori} solution field. The velocity gradient tensor on the LES grid can be mapped directly to the SGS stress via decomposition of the inputs and outputs into isotropic, deviatoric, and anti-symmetric components. We see that the model can generalize to a variety of flow configurations, including higher and lower Reynolds numbers and different forcing conditions. We show that the differentiable physics paradigm is more successful than offline, \textit{a-priori} learning, and that hybrid solver-in-the-loop approaches to deep learning offer an ideal balance between computational efficiency, accuracy, and generalization. Our experiments provide physics-based recommendations for deep-learning based SGS modeling for generalizable closure modeling of turbulence.
This study demonstrates a WiFi indoor positioning system using Deep Learning algorithms. A new method using fitting function in MATLAB will be utilized to compute the path loss coefficient and log-normal fading variance. To reduce the error, a new hybrid localization approach utilizing Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and Angle of Arrival (AoA) has been created. Three Deep Learning algorithms would be utilized to decrease the adverse influence of the noise and interference. This paper compares the performance of two models in three different indoor environments. The average error of our hybrid positioning model trained by CNN in the big classroom is less than 250 mm.
Deep learning has received increasing interests in face recognition recently. Large quantities of deep learning methods have been proposed to handle various problems appeared in face recognition. Quite a lot deep methods claimed that they have gained or even surpassed human-level face verification performance in certain databases. As we know, face image quality poses a great challenge to traditional face recognition methods, e.g. model-driven methods with hand-crafted features. However, a little research focus on the impact of face image quality on deep learning methods, and even human performance. Therefore, we raise a question: Is face image quality still one of the challenges for deep learning based face recognition, especially in unconstrained condition. Based on this, we further investigate this problem on human level. In this paper, we partition face images into three different quality sets to evaluate the performance of deep learning methods on cross-quality face images in the wild, and then design a human face verification experiment on these cross-quality data. The result indicates that quality issue still needs to be studied thoroughly in deep learning, human own better capability in building the relations between different face images with large quality gaps, and saying deep learning method surpasses human-level is too optimistic.
Integrating deep learning techniques, particularly language models (LMs), with knowledge representation techniques like ontologies has raised widespread attention, urging the need of a platform that supports both paradigms. Although packages such as OWL API and Jena offer robust support for basic ontology processing features, they lack the capability to transform various types of information within ontologies into formats suitable for downstream deep learning-based applications. Moreover, widely-used ontology APIs are primarily Java-based while deep learning frameworks like PyTorch and Tensorflow are mainly for Python programming. To address the needs, we present DeepOnto, a Python package designed for ontology engineering with deep learning. The package encompasses a core ontology processing module founded on the widely-recognised and reliable OWL API, encapsulating its fundamental features in a more "Pythonic" manner and extending its capabilities to incorporate other essential components including reasoning, verbalisation, normalisation, taxonomy, projection, and more. Building on this module, DeepOnto offers a suite of tools, resources, and algorithms that support various ontology engineering tasks, such as ontology alignment and completion, by harnessing deep learning methods, primarily pre-trained LMs. In this paper, we also demonstrate the practical utility of DeepOnto through two use-cases: the Digital Health Coaching in Samsung Research UK and the Bio-ML track of the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative (OAEI).
When training or evaluating deep learning models, two essential parts are picking the proper loss function and deciding on performance metrics. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of the most common loss functions and metrics used across many different types of deep learning tasks, from general tasks such as regression and classification to more specific tasks in Computer Vision and Natural Language Processing. We introduce the formula for each loss and metric, discuss their strengths and limitations, and describe how these methods can be applied to various problems within deep learning. This work can serve as a reference for researchers and practitioners in the field, helping them make informed decisions when selecting the most appropriate loss function and performance metrics for their deep learning projects.
The knowledge-augmented deep learning paradigm refers to a paradigm in which domain knowledge is identified and integrated into deep models. Conventional methods typically employ task-specific approaches to gather external knowledge from various sources. In contrast, large language models are extensively pre-trained and can serve as a comprehensive source of external knowledge. In this paper, we propose CoT-KA, a Chain-of-Thought-based method that augments knowledge for deep learning. CoT-KA avoids the need for additional knowledge retrieval or knowledge reasoning models, as required in conventional augmentation methods. Our results demonstrate that CoT-KA outperforms both pure CoT-based methods and the non-augmented method across the majority of eleven publicly available benchmarks for various reasoning tasks.
This paper investigates different methods and various neural network architectures applicable in the time series classification domain. The data is obtained from a fleet of gas sensors that measure and track quantities such as oxygen and sound. With the help of this data, we can detect events such as occupancy in a specific environment. At first, we analyze the time series data to understand the effect of different parameters, such as the sequence length, when training our models. These models employ Fully Convolutional Networks (FCN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) for supervised learning and Recurrent Autoencoders for semisupervised learning. Throughout this study, we spot the differences between these methods based on metrics such as precision and recall identifying which technique best suits this problem.
The decomposition of non-stationary signals is an important and challenging task in the field of signal time-frequency analysis. In the recent two decades, many signal decomposition methods led by the empirical mode decomposition, which was pioneered by Huang et al. in 1998, have been proposed by different research groups. However, they still have some limitations. For example, they are generally prone to boundary and mode mixing effects and are not very robust to noise. Inspired by the successful applications of deep learning in fields like image processing and natural language processing, and given the lack in the literature of works in which deep learning techniques are used directly to decompose non-stationary signals into simple oscillatory components, we use the convolutional neural network, residual structure and nonlinear activation function to compute in an innovative way the local average of the signal, and study a new non-stationary signal decomposition method under the framework of deep learning. We discuss the training process of the proposed model and study the convergence analysis of the learning algorithm. In the experiments, we evaluate the performance of the proposed model from two points of view: the calculation of the local average and the signal decomposition. Furthermore, we study the mode mixing, noise interference, and orthogonality properties of the decomposed components produced by the proposed method. All results show that the proposed model allows for better handling boundary effect, mode mixing effect, robustness, and the orthogonality of the decomposed components than existing methods.
Palm-sized nano-drones are an appealing class of edge nodes, but their limited computational resources prevent running large deep-learning models onboard. Adopting an edge-fog computational paradigm, we can offload part of the computation to the fog; however, this poses security concerns if the fog node, or the communication link, can not be trusted. To tackle this concern, we propose a novel distributed edge-fog execution scheme that validates fog computation by redundantly executing a random subnetwork aboard our nano-drone. Compared to a State-of-the-Art visual pose estimation network that entirely runs onboard, a larger network executed in a distributed way improves the $R^2$ score by +0.19; in case of attack, our approach detects it within 2s with 95% probability.
Ensuring the trustworthiness and interpretability of machine learning models is critical to their deployment in real-world applications. Feature attribution methods have gained significant attention, which provide local explanations of model predictions by attributing importance to individual input features. This study examines the generalization of feature attributions across various deep learning architectures, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and vision transformers. We aim to assess the feasibility of utilizing a feature attribution method as a future detector and examine how these features can be harmonized across multiple models employing distinct architectures but trained on the same data distribution. By exploring this harmonization, we aim to develop a more coherent and optimistic understanding of feature attributions, enhancing the consistency of local explanations across diverse deep-learning models. Our findings highlight the potential for harmonized feature attribution methods to improve interpretability and foster trust in machine learning applications, regardless of the underlying architecture.
Tracking objects can be a difficult task in computer vision, especially when faced with challenges such as occlusion, changes in lighting, and motion blur. Recent advances in deep learning have shown promise in challenging these conditions. However, most deep learning-based object trackers only use visible band (RGB) images. Thermal infrared electromagnetic waves (TIR) can provide additional information about an object, including its temperature, when faced with challenging conditions. We propose a deep learning-based image tracking approach that fuses RGB and thermal images (RGBT). The proposed model consists of two main components: a feature extractor and a tracker. The feature extractor encodes deep features from both the RGB and the TIR images. The tracker then uses these features to track the object using an enhanced attribute-based architecture. We propose a fusion of attribute-specific feature selection with an aggregation module. The proposed methods are evaluated on the RGBT234 \cite{LiCLiang2018} and LasHeR \cite{LiLasher2021} datasets, which are the most widely used RGBT object-tracking datasets in the literature. The results show that the proposed system outperforms state-of-the-art RGBT object trackers on these datasets, with a relatively smaller number of parameters.
Inertial sensing is used in many applications and platforms, ranging from day-to-day devices such as smartphones to very complex ones such as autonomous vehicles. In recent years, the development of machine learning and deep learning techniques has increased significantly in the field of inertial sensing and sensor fusion. This is due to the development of efficient computing hardware and the accessibility of publicly available sensor data. These data-driven approaches mainly aim to empower model-based inertial sensing algorithms. To encourage further research in integrating deep learning with inertial navigation and fusion and to leverage their capabilities, this paper provides an in-depth review of deep learning methods for inertial sensing and sensor fusion. We discuss learning methods for calibration and denoising as well as approaches for improving pure inertial navigation and sensor fusion. The latter is done by learning some of the fusion filter parameters. The reviewed approaches are classified by the environment in which the vehicles operate: land, air, and sea. In addition, we analyze trends and future directions in deep learning-based navigation and provide statistical data on commonly used approaches.
As machine learning and deep learning models become ubiquitous, it is inevitable that there will be attempts to exploit such models in various attack scenarios. For example, in a steganographic-based attack, information could be hidden in a learning model, which might then be used to distribute malware, or for other malicious purposes. In this research, we consider the steganographic capacity of several learning models. Specifically, we train a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and Transformer model on a challenging malware classification problem. For each of the resulting models, we determine the number of low-order bits of the trained parameters that can be altered without significantly affecting the performance of the model. We find that the steganographic capacity of the learning models tested is surprisingly high, and that in each case, there is a clear threshold after which model performance rapidly degrades.
We determine the accuracy with which machine learning and deep learning techniques can classify selected World War II era ciphers when only ciphertext is available. The specific ciphers considered are Enigma, M-209, Sigaba, Purple, and Typex. We experiment with three classic machine learning models, namely, Support Vector Machines (SVM), $k$-Nearest Neighbors ($k$-NN), and Random Forest (RF). We also experiment with four deep learning neural network-based models: Multi-Layer Perceptrons (MLP), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Extreme Learning Machines (ELM), and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). Each model is trained on features consisting of histograms, digrams, and raw ciphertext letter sequences. Furthermore, the classification problem is considered under four distinct scenarios: Fixed plaintext with fixed keys, random plaintext with fixed keys, fixed plaintext with random keys, and random plaintext with random keys. Under the most realistic scenario, given 1000 characters per ciphertext, we are able to distinguish the ciphers with greater than 97% accuracy. In addition, we consider the accuracy of a subset of the learning techniques as a function of the length of the ciphertext messages. Somewhat surprisingly, our classic machine learning models perform at least as well as our deep learning models. We also find that ciphers that are more similar in design are somewhat more challenging to distinguish, but not as difficult as might be expected.
High-dimensional metastable molecular system can often be characterised by a few features of the system, i.e. collective variables (CVs). Thanks to the rapid advance in the area of machine learning and deep learning, various deep learning-based CV identification techniques have been developed in recent years, allowing accurate modelling and efficient simulation of complex molecular systems. In this paper, we look at two different categories of deep learning-based approaches for finding CVs, either by computing leading eigenfunctions of infinitesimal generator or transfer operator associated to the underlying dynamics, or by learning an autoencoder via minimisation of reconstruction error. We present a concise overview of the mathematics behind these two approaches and conduct a comparative numerical study of these two approaches on illustrative examples.
Prostate Cancer (PCa) is a prevalent disease among men, and multi-parametric MRIs offer a non-invasive method for its detection. While MRI-based deep learning solutions have shown promise in supporting PCa diagnosis, acquiring sufficient training data, particularly in local clinics remains challenging. One potential solution is to take advantage of publicly available datasets to pre-train deep models and fine-tune them on the local data, but multi-source MRIs can pose challenges due to cross-domain distribution differences. These limitations hinder the adoption of explainable and reliable deep-learning solutions in local clinics for PCa diagnosis. In this work, we present a novel approach for unpaired image-to-image translation of prostate multi-parametric MRIs and an uncertainty-aware training approach for classifying clinically significant PCa, to be applied in data-constrained settings such as local and small clinics. Our approach involves a novel pipeline for translating unpaired 3.0T multi-parametric prostate MRIs to 1.5T, thereby augmenting the available training data. Additionally, we introduce an evidential deep learning approach to estimate model uncertainty and employ dataset filtering techniques during training. Furthermore, we propose a simple, yet efficient Evidential Focal Loss, combining focal loss with evidential uncertainty, to train our model effectively. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves the Area Under ROC Curve (AUC) by over 20% compared to the previous work. Our code is available at https://github.com/med-i-lab/DT_UE_PCa
Deep learning has successfully solved a wide range of tasks in 2D vision as a dominant AI technique. Recently, deep learning on 3D point clouds is becoming increasingly popular for addressing various tasks in this field. Despite remarkable achievements, deep learning algorithms are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. These attacks are imperceptible to the human eye but can easily fool deep neural networks in the testing and deployment stage. To encourage future research, this survey summarizes the current progress on adversarial attack and defense techniques on point cloud classification.This paper first introduces the principles and characteristics of adversarial attacks and summarizes and analyzes adversarial example generation methods in recent years. Additionally, it provides an overview of defense strategies, organized into data-focused and model-focused methods. Finally, it presents several current challenges and potential future research directions in this domain.
In recent years we have witnessed an increasing number of interactive systems on handheld mobile devices which utilise gaze as a single or complementary interaction modality. This trend is driven by the enhanced computational power of these devices, higher resolution and capacity of their cameras, and improved gaze estimation accuracy obtained from advanced machine learning techniques, especially in deep learning. As the literature is fast progressing, there is a pressing need to review the state of the art, delineate the boundary, and identify the key research challenges and opportunities in gaze estimation and interaction. This paper aims to serve this purpose by presenting an end-to-end holistic view in this area, from gaze capturing sensors, to gaze estimation workflows, to deep learning techniques, and to gaze interactive applications.